Computer Knowledge — Banking Exam Notes | Exam-Ki-Aisi-Ki-Taisi.com

Topics Covered

1. Computer Basics 2. Hardware 3. Software & OS 4. Memory & Storage 5. MS Office 6. Internet & Networking 7. Database 8. Cybersecurity

Computer Basics

Number Systems

• Binary: base 2 (0,1) • Octal: base 8 (0-7) • Decimal: base 10 • Hexadecimal: base 16 (0-9, A-F)
• 1 bit = 0 or 1 • 1 byte = 8 bits • 1 KB = 1024 bytes • 1 MB = 1024 KB • 1 GB = 1024 MB

Generations of Computers

1st: Vacuum tubes (1940s-50s) → 2nd: Transistors (1950s-60s) → 3rd: ICs (1960s-70s) → 4th: VLSI microprocessors (1970s-present) → 5th: AI-based (current)

Hardware

Input Devices

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Joystick, Light Pen, Trackball, OMR (Optical Mark Reader), OCR (Optical Character Reader), MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition — used by banks for cheque processing).

Banking Exam Focus

MICR is extremely important for banking exams — it reads the magnetic ink characters on cheques. The MICR code is a 9-digit number: first 3 = city, next 3 = bank, last 3 = branch.

Output Devices

Monitor (VDU), Printer (Inkjet, Laser, Dot Matrix), Plotter, Speaker, Projector.

Processing Unit

CPU (Central Processing Unit) = Control Unit + ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + Registers. Also called the “brain of the computer.”

CPU Components

• CU (Control Unit): Directs operations; does not process data itself.
• ALU: Performs arithmetic (+,-,×,÷) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations.
• Registers: Temporary, high-speed storage inside CPU.

Software & Operating System

Category	Examples
System Software	Operating System, Device Drivers, Utilities (Antivirus, Disk Defragmenter)
Application Software	MS Office, Tally, Browsers, Games, Banking Apps
Programming Languages	C, C++, Java, Python (Low-level: Assembly, Machine Language)
Firmware	BIOS, ROM-based embedded software

Operating System Functions

• Process management (CPU scheduling) • Memory management • File management
• Device management (I/O control) • Security and access control
Popular OS: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS, Unix

Memory & Storage

Memory Type	Volatile?	Key Feature
Cache Memory	Yes	Fastest; between CPU and RAM
RAM (Primary)	Yes	Temporary; programs run here
ROM (Primary)	No	Permanent; stores BIOS/firmware
HDD (Secondary)	No	Magnetic; large capacity, slower
SSD (Secondary)	No	Flash memory; fast, no moving parts
Pen Drive / Flash	No	Portable; NAND flash technology

MS Office Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action	Application
Ctrl + S	Save	All
Ctrl + Z	Undo	All
Ctrl + P	Print	All
Ctrl + Home	Go to beginning	Word/Excel
F7	Spell Check	Word
F5	Find and Replace / Slideshow	Word / PowerPoint
Alt + F4	Close application	Windows
Ctrl + Enter	New slide	PowerPoint

File Extensions

.docx = Word • .xlsx = Excel • .pptx = PowerPoint • .pdf = Acrobat • .jpg/.png = Image • .mp3/.mp4 = Audio/Video • .zip = Compressed • .exe = Executable

Internet & Networking

Network Types

• LAN (Local Area Network): Within a building/campus — highest speed.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City-wide network.
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Country/continent-wide; internet is the largest WAN.
• PAN (Personal Area Network): Bluetooth range (~10m).

Protocol / Term	Stands For / Meaning
HTTP / HTTPS	HyperText Transfer Protocol (S = Secure)
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (sending email)
POP3/IMAP	Receiving email protocols
IP Address	Unique identifier for a device on a network
URL	Uniform Resource Locator (web address)
DNS	Domain Name System (translates domain to IP)
ISP	Internet Service Provider (BSNL, Jio, Airtel)

Cybersecurity Basics

Threat Type	Description
Virus	Attaches to files; replicates when file is opened
Worm	Self-replicating; spreads through networks without user action
Trojan Horse	Appears legitimate but contains malicious code
Ransomware	Encrypts files; demands payment to restore access
Phishing	Fake emails/sites to steal credentials
Spyware	Silently monitors user activity
DDoS	Distributed Denial of Service — overwhelms a server

Banking Cybersecurity

• SSL/TLS: Encrypts data between browser and server (HTTPS uses this).
• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Password + OTP.
• Firewall: Monitors and filters network traffic.
• CERT-In: Indian Computer Emergency Response Team — India’s national agency for cybersecurity.