Environment — Ecology Basics
Q1071EasyBPSC Prelims
Which of the following is NOT a component of an ecosystem?
AProducers
BConsumers
CDecomposers
DEconomists
Show Answer
✔ D — Economists
An ecosystem consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components:
- Producers: Green plants/autotrophs that produce food through photosynthesis
- Consumers: Animals/heterotrophs that consume producers or other consumers
- Decomposers: Bacteria/fungi that break down dead organic matter
Economists are human professionals — not an ecological component of any ecosystem.
*Why A is wrong:* Producers are the foundation of every food chain — they are essential ecosystem components.
*Why B is wrong:* Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) are core biotic components.
*Why C is wrong:* Decomposers are essential for nutrient cycling — without them, ecosystems would collapse under accumulated dead matter.
- Producers: Green plants/autotrophs that produce food through photosynthesis
- Consumers: Animals/heterotrophs that consume producers or other consumers
- Decomposers: Bacteria/fungi that break down dead organic matter
Economists are human professionals — not an ecological component of any ecosystem.
*Why A is wrong:* Producers are the foundation of every food chain — they are essential ecosystem components.
*Why B is wrong:* Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) are core biotic components.
*Why C is wrong:* Decomposers are essential for nutrient cycling — without them, ecosystems would collapse under accumulated dead matter.
Environment — Biodiversity
Q1072EasyBPSC Prelims
Which international convention deals with the conservation of biodiversity?
AMontreal Protocol
BConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
CKyoto Protocol
DVienna Convention
Show Answer
✔ B — Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed at the Rio Earth Summit (1992) and is the primary international treaty for:
- Conservation of biological diversity
- Sustainable use of its components
- Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources
India ratified the CBD in 1994. The Nagoya Protocol (2010) under CBD governs Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS).
*Why A is wrong:* The Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with ozone-depleting substances (CFCs), not biodiversity.
*Why C is wrong:* The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is a climate change agreement setting emission reduction targets.
*Why D is wrong:* The Vienna Convention (1985) was the precursor to the Montreal Protocol, dealing with the ozone layer.
- Conservation of biological diversity
- Sustainable use of its components
- Fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources
India ratified the CBD in 1994. The Nagoya Protocol (2010) under CBD governs Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS).
*Why A is wrong:* The Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with ozone-depleting substances (CFCs), not biodiversity.
*Why C is wrong:* The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is a climate change agreement setting emission reduction targets.
*Why D is wrong:* The Vienna Convention (1985) was the precursor to the Montreal Protocol, dealing with the ozone layer.
Environment — Bihar Wildlife
Q1073EasyBPSC Prelims
Which of the following is the ONLY national park in Bihar?
ARajgir Wildlife Sanctuary
BVikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
CValmiki National Park
DGautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary
Show Answer
✔ C — Valmiki National Park
Valmiki National Park (also known as Valmiki Tiger Reserve) is the ONLY national park in Bihar, located in West Champaran district. Established in 1990, it is part of Project Tiger and shares its northern boundary with Nepal's Chitwan National Park.
Key facts: Area ≈ 335.65 sq km; hosts tigers, elephants, leopards, gaur; part of the Gangetic plains tiger landscape.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary (lower protection level), not a national park.
*Why B is wrong:* Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is a river sanctuary for the Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica), not a national park.
*Why D is wrong:* Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary is in Gaya district — a wildlife sanctuary, not a national park.
Key facts: Area ≈ 335.65 sq km; hosts tigers, elephants, leopards, gaur; part of the Gangetic plains tiger landscape.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary (lower protection level), not a national park.
*Why B is wrong:* Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is a river sanctuary for the Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica), not a national park.
*Why D is wrong:* Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary is in Gaya district — a wildlife sanctuary, not a national park.
Environment — Environmental Law
Q1074EasyBPSC Prelims
The Environment Protection Act was enacted in India in which year?
A1972
B1980
C1986
D1991
Show Answer
✔ C — 1986
The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986, following the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) which exposed serious gaps in India's environmental legal framework.
Key provisions:
- Gives central government power to protect and improve environmental quality
- Authorises setting standards for emissions and discharges
- Prohibits environmentally hazardous activities
- Basis for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification
*Why A is wrong:* 1972 was the year of the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment — India's domestic legislation came later.
*Why B is wrong:* 1980 saw the Forest (Conservation) Act, not the Environment Protection Act.
*Why D is wrong:* 1991 had no major central environmental legislation; economic liberalisation was in 1991.
Key provisions:
- Gives central government power to protect and improve environmental quality
- Authorises setting standards for emissions and discharges
- Prohibits environmentally hazardous activities
- Basis for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification
*Why A is wrong:* 1972 was the year of the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment — India's domestic legislation came later.
*Why B is wrong:* 1980 saw the Forest (Conservation) Act, not the Environment Protection Act.
*Why D is wrong:* 1991 had no major central environmental legislation; economic liberalisation was in 1991.
Environment — Climate Change
Q1075MediumBPSC Prelims
The Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015) aims to limit global average temperature rise to:
A1°C above pre-industrial levels
B1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 2°C
C2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
D3°C above pre-industrial levels
Show Answer
✔ C — 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C
The Paris Agreement (COP21, 2015) established the following temperature targets:
- Primary goal: Limit global average temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
- Aspirational goal: Pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C
India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016. Under India's NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution), India committed to:
- Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030
- Achieve 40% non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030
- Create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes through forest/tree cover
*Why A is wrong:* 1°C is not a Paris Agreement target; Earth has already warmed approximately 1.1-1.2°C above pre-industrial levels.
*Why B is wrong:* This reverses the primary and aspirational goals; 2°C is the ceiling, 1.5°C is the aspiration.
*Why D is wrong:* 3°C would be catastrophic; the agreement specifically aims to prevent this scenario.
- Primary goal: Limit global average temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
- Aspirational goal: Pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C
India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016. Under India's NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution), India committed to:
- Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030
- Achieve 40% non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030
- Create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes through forest/tree cover
*Why A is wrong:* 1°C is not a Paris Agreement target; Earth has already warmed approximately 1.1-1.2°C above pre-industrial levels.
*Why B is wrong:* This reverses the primary and aspirational goals; 2°C is the ceiling, 1.5°C is the aspiration.
*Why D is wrong:* 3°C would be catastrophic; the agreement specifically aims to prevent this scenario.
Environment — Pollution
Q1076MediumBPSC Prelims
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of:
AAmount of dissolved oxygen in water
BAmount of organic pollution in water
CRate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants
DConcentration of heavy metals in water
Show Answer
✔ B — Amount of organic pollution in water
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water over a specified period (typically 5 days at 20°C — called BOD₅).
High BOD = high organic pollution = poor water quality.
- Clean water: BOD < 1 mg/L
- Slightly polluted: BOD 1-2 mg/L
- Moderately polluted: BOD 3-5 mg/L
- Highly polluted: BOD > 5 mg/L
The Ganga in Bihar has high BOD due to sewage discharge from cities like Patna, Bhagalpur, and industrial effluents.
*Why A is wrong:* Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a separate measurement; high DO = healthy water.
*Why C is wrong:* Photosynthesis rate is measured by oxygen production, not BOD.
*Why D is wrong:* Heavy metal concentration requires separate chemical tests (AAS, ICP-MS); BOD only measures organic biodegradable matter.
High BOD = high organic pollution = poor water quality.
- Clean water: BOD < 1 mg/L
- Slightly polluted: BOD 1-2 mg/L
- Moderately polluted: BOD 3-5 mg/L
- Highly polluted: BOD > 5 mg/L
The Ganga in Bihar has high BOD due to sewage discharge from cities like Patna, Bhagalpur, and industrial effluents.
*Why A is wrong:* Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a separate measurement; high DO = healthy water.
*Why C is wrong:* Photosynthesis rate is measured by oxygen production, not BOD.
*Why D is wrong:* Heavy metal concentration requires separate chemical tests (AAS, ICP-MS); BOD only measures organic biodegradable matter.
Environment — Biodiversity Hotspots
Q1077MediumBPSC Prelims
India has how many globally recognized biodiversity hotspots?
A1
B2
C3
D4
Show Answer
✔ D — 4
India has 4 biodiversity hotspots as recognized by Conservation International:
1. Himalaya (includes Eastern Himalaya, Bhutan-Nepal-India region)
2. Indo-Burma (extends through Northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand)
3. Sundaland (includes Nicobar Islands)
4. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
Biodiversity Hotspots are regions with exceptional plant endemism and experiencing exceptional habitat loss (originally must have had at least 1,500 endemic plant species and lost 70%+ of original habitat).
*Why A is wrong:* India has 4 hotspots, not 1.
*Why B is wrong:* India has 4, not 2.
*Why C is wrong:* India has 4, not 3.
1. Himalaya (includes Eastern Himalaya, Bhutan-Nepal-India region)
2. Indo-Burma (extends through Northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand)
3. Sundaland (includes Nicobar Islands)
4. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
Biodiversity Hotspots are regions with exceptional plant endemism and experiencing exceptional habitat loss (originally must have had at least 1,500 endemic plant species and lost 70%+ of original habitat).
*Why A is wrong:* India has 4 hotspots, not 1.
*Why B is wrong:* India has 4, not 2.
*Why C is wrong:* India has 4, not 3.
Environment — Environmental Laws
Q1078MediumBPSC Prelims
Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the environmental law with its purpose?
AWildlife Protection Act 1972 — Protection of forests
BForest Conservation Act 1980 — Protection of wildlife species
CWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 — Control of water pollution
DAir (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 — Control of noise pollution
Show Answer
✔ C — Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 — Control of water pollution
Correct matching:
- Wildlife Protection Act 1972 → Protection of wild animals, birds, plants; creation of protected areas
- Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 → Preventing diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 → Establish PCBs, control water pollution, set standards for effluent discharge ✓
- Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 → Control of air pollution, not noise (Noise falls under Environmental Protection Rules 1986)
*Why A is wrong:* WPA 1972 protects wildlife species, not forests; forests are covered by Forest Conservation Act.
*Why B is wrong:* Forest Conservation Act 1980 restricts forest land diversion, not wildlife protection.
*Why D is wrong:* Air Act 1981 addresses air pollution (SO₂, NOₓ, particulates) — noise pollution is regulated under EP Act 1986 rules.
- Wildlife Protection Act 1972 → Protection of wild animals, birds, plants; creation of protected areas
- Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 → Preventing diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 → Establish PCBs, control water pollution, set standards for effluent discharge ✓
- Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 → Control of air pollution, not noise (Noise falls under Environmental Protection Rules 1986)
*Why A is wrong:* WPA 1972 protects wildlife species, not forests; forests are covered by Forest Conservation Act.
*Why B is wrong:* Forest Conservation Act 1980 restricts forest land diversion, not wildlife protection.
*Why D is wrong:* Air Act 1981 addresses air pollution (SO₂, NOₓ, particulates) — noise pollution is regulated under EP Act 1986 rules.
Environment — Bihar Environment
Q1079MediumBPSC Prelims
Which river in Bihar has been designated as a Dolphin Sanctuary?
ASon River
BKosi River
CGandak River
DGanga (Vikramshila stretch)
Show Answer
✔ D — Ganga (Vikramshila stretch)
The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in the Ganga River between Sultanganj and Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur district — a 60 km stretch. Established in 1990, it is India's only river dolphin sanctuary.
The Gangetic River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is:
- India's National Aquatic Animal (designated 2009)
- A Schedule I species under Wildlife Protection Act 1972
- An IUCN Endangered species
- Found in the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and Karnaphuli river systems
*Why A is wrong:* Son River flows into the Ganga at Arrah — no dolphin sanctuary is designated there.
*Why B is wrong:* Kosi River has some dolphin population but no designated sanctuary.
*Why C is wrong:* Gandak River (Narayani) does have some dolphins but the designated sanctuary is on the Ganga.
The Gangetic River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is:
- India's National Aquatic Animal (designated 2009)
- A Schedule I species under Wildlife Protection Act 1972
- An IUCN Endangered species
- Found in the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and Karnaphuli river systems
*Why A is wrong:* Son River flows into the Ganga at Arrah — no dolphin sanctuary is designated there.
*Why B is wrong:* Kosi River has some dolphin population but no designated sanctuary.
*Why C is wrong:* Gandak River (Narayani) does have some dolphins but the designated sanctuary is on the Ganga.
Environment — Climate Change India
Q1080MediumBPSC Prelims
India's 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan' is primarily related to:
ARiver interlinking
BWater conservation and rainwater harvesting
CFlood control in Bihar
DGroundwater extraction for agriculture
Show Answer
✔ B — Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
Jal Shakti Abhiyan (launched 2019) is a time-bound, mission-mode campaign for water conservation and rainwater harvesting across India's 256 water-stressed districts.
Key components:
- Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
- Renovation of traditional/other water bodies
- Reuse and recharge of water bodies
- Watershed development
- Intensive afforestation
Bihar has significant participation in Jal Shakti Abhiyan given its paradox of floods in north Bihar (Kosi, Gandak) and drought-prone south Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* River interlinking is a separate project (Ken-Betwa Link is under implementation); Jal Shakti Abhiyan focuses on conservation.
*Why C is wrong:* Flood control specifically is handled by Bihar Flood Management Improvement Project — not Jal Shakti Abhiyan's primary goal.
*Why D is wrong:* Groundwater extraction for agriculture is the opposite of what Jal Shakti Abhiyan aims to address — it promotes conservation, not extraction.
Key components:
- Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
- Renovation of traditional/other water bodies
- Reuse and recharge of water bodies
- Watershed development
- Intensive afforestation
Bihar has significant participation in Jal Shakti Abhiyan given its paradox of floods in north Bihar (Kosi, Gandak) and drought-prone south Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* River interlinking is a separate project (Ken-Betwa Link is under implementation); Jal Shakti Abhiyan focuses on conservation.
*Why C is wrong:* Flood control specifically is handled by Bihar Flood Management Improvement Project — not Jal Shakti Abhiyan's primary goal.
*Why D is wrong:* Groundwater extraction for agriculture is the opposite of what Jal Shakti Abhiyan aims to address — it promotes conservation, not extraction.
Environment — Ecology
Q1081MediumBPSC Prelims
Eutrophication of water bodies is caused by:
AOil spills from industries
BExcessive growth of algae due to nutrient enrichment
CThermal pollution from nuclear plants
DMercury contamination from chemical factories
Show Answer
✔ B — Excessive growth of algae due to nutrient enrichment
Eutrophication is the process of excessive algal growth (algal bloom) in water bodies due to nutrient enrichment, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from agricultural runoff (fertilizers) and sewage.
Process chain:
Fertilizer/sewage runoff → excess N and P → algal bloom → algae die → decomposers consume O₂ → dissolved oxygen depletes → fish and aquatic life die (hypoxia/anoxia)
Bihar's water bodies — Kawar Lake (Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake in Begusarai), Kanwar Jheel, Mahua Dam — suffer from eutrophication due to agricultural runoff.
*Why A is wrong:* Oil spills cause petroleum pollution, not eutrophication; they coat water surfaces and harm birds/marine life through different mechanisms.
*Why C is wrong:* Thermal pollution increases water temperature and reduces dissolved oxygen but is caused by heat, not nutrient enrichment.
*Why D is wrong:* Mercury contamination (Minamata disease) causes bioaccumulation and neurological damage — a different type of water pollution.
Process chain:
Fertilizer/sewage runoff → excess N and P → algal bloom → algae die → decomposers consume O₂ → dissolved oxygen depletes → fish and aquatic life die (hypoxia/anoxia)
Bihar's water bodies — Kawar Lake (Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake in Begusarai), Kanwar Jheel, Mahua Dam — suffer from eutrophication due to agricultural runoff.
*Why A is wrong:* Oil spills cause petroleum pollution, not eutrophication; they coat water surfaces and harm birds/marine life through different mechanisms.
*Why C is wrong:* Thermal pollution increases water temperature and reduces dissolved oxygen but is caused by heat, not nutrient enrichment.
*Why D is wrong:* Mercury contamination (Minamata disease) causes bioaccumulation and neurological damage — a different type of water pollution.
Environment — Environmental Law (Complex)
Q1082HardBPSC Prelims
Which of the following statements about Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in India is CORRECT?
AEIA is mandatory for all construction projects regardless of size
BEIA notification 2006 categorizes projects into Category A (central clearance) and Category B (state clearance)
CPublic hearings are not required for any EIA category
DEIA applies only to industrial projects, not infrastructure
Show Answer
✔ B — EIA notification 2006 categorizes projects into Category A (central clearance) and Category B (state clearance)
Under the EIA Notification 2006 (issued under Environment Protection Act 1986):
- Category A projects: Require environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) at the central level. Examples: thermal power plants >500 MW, major highways, ports.
- Category B projects: Require environmental clearance from State/UT Level Expert Appraisal Committees. Further subdivided into B1 (require EIA and public consultation) and B2 (don't require EIA).
Public hearings ARE required for most Category A and B1 projects.
*Why A is wrong:* Small construction projects below threshold limits are exempt. The notification applies based on project type and scale thresholds.
*Why C is wrong:* Public hearings (public consultation) are mandated for Category A and B1 projects — they are a key democratic safeguard.
*Why D is wrong:* EIA applies to both industrial AND infrastructure projects — highways, railways, airports, rivers, and mining are explicitly covered.
- Category A projects: Require environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) at the central level. Examples: thermal power plants >500 MW, major highways, ports.
- Category B projects: Require environmental clearance from State/UT Level Expert Appraisal Committees. Further subdivided into B1 (require EIA and public consultation) and B2 (don't require EIA).
Public hearings ARE required for most Category A and B1 projects.
*Why A is wrong:* Small construction projects below threshold limits are exempt. The notification applies based on project type and scale thresholds.
*Why C is wrong:* Public hearings (public consultation) are mandated for Category A and B1 projects — they are a key democratic safeguard.
*Why D is wrong:* EIA applies to both industrial AND infrastructure projects — highways, railways, airports, rivers, and mining are explicitly covered.
Environment — Bihar Ecology (Complex)
Q1083HardBPSC Prelims
Kawar Lake (Kanwar Jheel) in Bihar is significant for which of the following reasons?
AIt is Bihar's only Ramsar Wetland and Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake
BIt is a man-made reservoir for hydroelectric power generation
CIt is the site of Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary
DIt is a hill station lake in the Rajgir hills
Show Answer
✔ A — It is Bihar's only Ramsar Wetland and Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake
Kawar Lake (Kanwar Jheel), located in Begusarai district of Bihar, is:
1. Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake — formed by the shifting of the Burhi Gandak river
2. Bihar's only Ramsar Wetland — designated in 2020 under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Iran, 1971)
3. A critical wintering habitat for migratory birds including Siberian cranes, bar-headed geese, ruddy shelducks
4. Faces severe threats from encroachment, eutrophication (fish farming), and agricultural runoff
The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects internationally important wetlands, and Kawar Lake is one of India's 75+ Ramsar sites.
*Why B is wrong:* Kawar Lake is a natural oxbow lake, not a man-made reservoir; Bihar's major dam is Indrapuri (Son River) not Kawar.
*Why C is wrong:* Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is on the Ganga between Sultanganj and Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur — different location entirely.
*Why D is wrong:* Kawar Lake is in the Gangetic plains of Begusarai, not the Rajgir hills (which are in Nalanda district).
1. Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake — formed by the shifting of the Burhi Gandak river
2. Bihar's only Ramsar Wetland — designated in 2020 under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Iran, 1971)
3. A critical wintering habitat for migratory birds including Siberian cranes, bar-headed geese, ruddy shelducks
4. Faces severe threats from encroachment, eutrophication (fish farming), and agricultural runoff
The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects internationally important wetlands, and Kawar Lake is one of India's 75+ Ramsar sites.
*Why B is wrong:* Kawar Lake is a natural oxbow lake, not a man-made reservoir; Bihar's major dam is Indrapuri (Son River) not Kawar.
*Why C is wrong:* Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is on the Ganga between Sultanganj and Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur — different location entirely.
*Why D is wrong:* Kawar Lake is in the Gangetic plains of Begusarai, not the Rajgir hills (which are in Nalanda district).
Environment — Climate Change (Complex)
Q1084HardBPSC Prelims
India's 'Panchamrit' climate commitments announced at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) include which of the following?
AAchieve net zero by 2050
BReach 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030
CReduce forest cover by 50% for solar panels
DWithdraw from the Paris Agreement
Show Answer
✔ B — Reach 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030
India's 'Panchamrit' (Five Nectar/Five Elements) goals at COP26 (2021):
1. Reach 500 GW non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030
2. Meet 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030
3. Reduce cumulative emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030
4. Reduce carbon intensity by 45% below 2005 levels by 2030
5. Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070
Key distinction: India committed to net zero by 2070, NOT 2050 (which was the developed-country target).
*Why A is wrong:* India's net zero target is 2070, not 2050. 2050 is the developed-world commitment; India differentiated on the basis of historical emissions and development needs.
*Why C is wrong:* India aims to INCREASE renewable energy through solar, wind, etc. — reducing forest cover for solar panels directly contradicts India's also-stated goal of adding 2.5-3 billion tonnes of carbon sink through forest cover.
*Why D is wrong:* India reaffirmed its Paris Agreement commitments at COP26 and strengthened them through Panchamrit.
1. Reach 500 GW non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030
2. Meet 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030
3. Reduce cumulative emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030
4. Reduce carbon intensity by 45% below 2005 levels by 2030
5. Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070
Key distinction: India committed to net zero by 2070, NOT 2050 (which was the developed-country target).
*Why A is wrong:* India's net zero target is 2070, not 2050. 2050 is the developed-world commitment; India differentiated on the basis of historical emissions and development needs.
*Why C is wrong:* India aims to INCREASE renewable energy through solar, wind, etc. — reducing forest cover for solar panels directly contradicts India's also-stated goal of adding 2.5-3 billion tonnes of carbon sink through forest cover.
*Why D is wrong:* India reaffirmed its Paris Agreement commitments at COP26 and strengthened them through Panchamrit.
Environment — Biodiversity (Complex)
Q1085HardBPSC Prelims
The Gangetic River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a conservation concern primarily because:
AIt is an invasive species from the Amazon
BSand mining, fishing nets, and river pollution have severely reduced its population
CIt competes with the Irrawaddy dolphin for food in Bihar's rivers
DIt is hunted for medicinal purposes approved by the government
Show Answer
✔ B — Sand mining, fishing nets, and river pollution have severely reduced its population
The Gangetic River Dolphin (India's National Aquatic Animal since 2009) faces severe threats from:
1. Sand mining — destroys riverbed habitat and breeding grounds; Bihar's illegal sand mining in the Ganga is a major threat
2. Entanglement in fishing nets — dolphin drowning in gill nets is a major mortality cause
3. River pollution — industrial effluents, agricultural chemicals, and sewage from cities like Patna affect food chain
4. River traffic — noise pollution from boat engines disrupts their echolocation (they are functionally blind)
5. Barrages and dams — fragment dolphin populations (Farakka Barrage effects)
Current population estimate: approximately 3,500 Gangetic river dolphins across South Asia; Bihar's Ganga holds a significant portion.
*Why A is wrong:* Platanista gangetica is a native South Asian species — endemic to the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system; NOT invasive.
*Why C is wrong:* Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) are found in coastal/estuarine areas and Myanmar's Irrawaddy river — not Bihar's rivers; no competition exists.
*Why D is wrong:* Dolphin hunting is illegal in India under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972; no government-approved medicinal hunting exists.
1. Sand mining — destroys riverbed habitat and breeding grounds; Bihar's illegal sand mining in the Ganga is a major threat
2. Entanglement in fishing nets — dolphin drowning in gill nets is a major mortality cause
3. River pollution — industrial effluents, agricultural chemicals, and sewage from cities like Patna affect food chain
4. River traffic — noise pollution from boat engines disrupts their echolocation (they are functionally blind)
5. Barrages and dams — fragment dolphin populations (Farakka Barrage effects)
Current population estimate: approximately 3,500 Gangetic river dolphins across South Asia; Bihar's Ganga holds a significant portion.
*Why A is wrong:* Platanista gangetica is a native South Asian species — endemic to the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system; NOT invasive.
*Why C is wrong:* Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) are found in coastal/estuarine areas and Myanmar's Irrawaddy river — not Bihar's rivers; no competition exists.
*Why D is wrong:* Dolphin hunting is illegal in India under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972; no government-approved medicinal hunting exists.
Environment — Forest Types in Bihar
Q1086HardBPSC Prelims
Bihar's forests are predominantly classified as:
ATropical evergreen forests
BTropical dry deciduous forests
CSubtropical pine forests
DMangrove forests
Show Answer
✔ B — Tropical dry deciduous forests
Bihar's forests are predominantly Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, classified under Champion and Seth's (1968) forest classification system.
Characteristics:
- Found in areas with 75-150 cm annual rainfall (Bihar averages 1100-1200 mm)
- Trees shed leaves in the dry season (November-May)
- Dominant tree species: Sal (Shorea robusta), Teak (Tectona grandis), Mahua, Tendu
- Major forest areas: Kaimur district, Rohtas district, Banka district, West Champaran (Terai)
Bihar has only ~7% forest cover (well below India's 33% target) — one of India's least forested states.
*Why A is wrong:* Tropical evergreen forests require >200 cm rainfall and are found in Northeast India, Western Ghats; Bihar's rainfall is insufficient.
*Why C is wrong:* Subtropical pine forests are found in foothills of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand at 1000-2000m altitude; Bihar is a plains state.
*Why D is wrong:* Mangrove forests grow in coastal/tidal zones — Bihar is a landlocked state with no coastline.
Characteristics:
- Found in areas with 75-150 cm annual rainfall (Bihar averages 1100-1200 mm)
- Trees shed leaves in the dry season (November-May)
- Dominant tree species: Sal (Shorea robusta), Teak (Tectona grandis), Mahua, Tendu
- Major forest areas: Kaimur district, Rohtas district, Banka district, West Champaran (Terai)
Bihar has only ~7% forest cover (well below India's 33% target) — one of India's least forested states.
*Why A is wrong:* Tropical evergreen forests require >200 cm rainfall and are found in Northeast India, Western Ghats; Bihar's rainfall is insufficient.
*Why C is wrong:* Subtropical pine forests are found in foothills of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand at 1000-2000m altitude; Bihar is a plains state.
*Why D is wrong:* Mangrove forests grow in coastal/tidal zones — Bihar is a landlocked state with no coastline.
Environment — National Action Plans
Q1087HardBPSC Prelims
India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) has how many National Missions?
A6
B8
C10
D12
Show Answer
✔ B — 8
India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), launched in 2008, has 8 National Missions:
1. National Solar Mission — 100 GW solar by 2022
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency — reduce energy intensity
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat — energy efficiency in buildings
4. National Water Mission — 20% improvement in water use efficiency
5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem — glacier monitoring
6. National Mission for a Green India — 5 million hectares afforestation
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture — climate-resilient agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change — research network
*Why A is wrong:* 6 is too few — NAPCC has 8 missions.
*Why C is wrong:* 10 would be an overcount; there are exactly 8 missions.
*Why D is wrong:* 12 is an overcount; the plan was designed around 8 specific mission areas.
1. National Solar Mission — 100 GW solar by 2022
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency — reduce energy intensity
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat — energy efficiency in buildings
4. National Water Mission — 20% improvement in water use efficiency
5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem — glacier monitoring
6. National Mission for a Green India — 5 million hectares afforestation
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture — climate-resilient agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change — research network
*Why A is wrong:* 6 is too few — NAPCC has 8 missions.
*Why C is wrong:* 10 would be an overcount; there are exactly 8 missions.
*Why D is wrong:* 12 is an overcount; the plan was designed around 8 specific mission areas.
Environment — Wildlife Sanctuaries of Bihar
Q1088HardBPSC Prelims
How many wildlife sanctuaries does Bihar have?
A10
B12
C14
D16
Show Answer
✔ B — 12
Bihar has 12 wildlife sanctuaries plus 1 National Park (Valmiki) and 1 Tiger Reserve (Valmiki):
Major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Bihar:
1. Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary (West Champaran) — part of Valmiki TR
2. Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary (Gaya)
3. Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary (Nalanda)
4. Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary (Munger)
5. Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary (Rohtas/Kaimur)
6. Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary (West Champaran)
7. Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary (Darbhanga)
8. Nagi Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)
9. Nakti Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)
10. Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park (Patna) — Zoological Park
11. Barela Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (Muzaffarpur)
12. Baraela Salim Ali (additional)
Additionally, Bihar has Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (river sanctuary).
*Why A is wrong:* 10 is an undercount.
*Why C is wrong:* 14 is an overcount of sanctuaries.
*Why D is wrong:* 16 is a significant overcount.
Major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Bihar:
1. Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary (West Champaran) — part of Valmiki TR
2. Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary (Gaya)
3. Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary (Nalanda)
4. Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary (Munger)
5. Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary (Rohtas/Kaimur)
6. Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary (West Champaran)
7. Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary (Darbhanga)
8. Nagi Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)
9. Nakti Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)
10. Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park (Patna) — Zoological Park
11. Barela Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (Muzaffarpur)
12. Baraela Salim Ali (additional)
Additionally, Bihar has Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (river sanctuary).
*Why A is wrong:* 10 is an undercount.
*Why C is wrong:* 14 is an overcount of sanctuaries.
*Why D is wrong:* 16 is a significant overcount.
Environment — Pollution & Bihar
Q1089HardBPSC Prelims
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched in India in which year, and what was its primary objective?
A1985; reduce industrial effluent discharge into the Ganga
B1986; prevent pollution of the Ganga
C1995; restore aquatic biodiversity in the Ganga
D2000; connect the Ganga with other rivers
Show Answer
✔ B — 1986; prevent pollution of the Ganga
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP Phase-I) was launched in 1986 under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi with the primary objective of preventing pollution of the Ganga.
Key interventions:
- Sewage treatment plants (STPs)
- Interception and diversion of sewage
- Low-cost sanitation
- Electric crematoria and river-front development
GAP Phase II (1993) extended to tributaries. Later superseded by National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and now Namami Gange Programme (2015, budget: ₹20,000 crore).
Bihar beneficiaries: STP construction in Patna, Hajipur, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur under Namami Gange.
*Why A is wrong:* GAP was launched in 1986, not 1985; it addressed both sewage AND industrial pollution, not just industrial.
*Why C is wrong:* 1995 is incorrect; aquatic biodiversity restoration was an outcome goal but not explicitly stated as the primary objective.
*Why D is wrong:* River interlinking is an entirely different scheme; GAP focused on pollution prevention.
Key interventions:
- Sewage treatment plants (STPs)
- Interception and diversion of sewage
- Low-cost sanitation
- Electric crematoria and river-front development
GAP Phase II (1993) extended to tributaries. Later superseded by National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and now Namami Gange Programme (2015, budget: ₹20,000 crore).
Bihar beneficiaries: STP construction in Patna, Hajipur, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur under Namami Gange.
*Why A is wrong:* GAP was launched in 1986, not 1985; it addressed both sewage AND industrial pollution, not just industrial.
*Why C is wrong:* 1995 is incorrect; aquatic biodiversity restoration was an outcome goal but not explicitly stated as the primary objective.
*Why D is wrong:* River interlinking is an entirely different scheme; GAP focused on pollution prevention.
Environment — Integrated Assessment
Q1090HardBPSC Prelims
Jal Jeevan Hariyali Abhiyan is a Bihar government initiative. Which of the following BEST describes its objective?
AProviding tap water connections to every household in Bihar
BAfforestation and water conservation — planting trees and recharging ponds/wells
CRiver interlinking within Bihar
DProviding employment in irrigation projects under MGNREGS
Show Answer
✔ B — Afforestation and water conservation — planting trees and recharging ponds/wells
Jal Jeevan Hariyali Abhiyan (launched 2019 by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar) is Bihar's flagship environmental programme with twin objectives:
1. Jal (Water): Conservation — repair and rejuvenation of ponds, wells, lakes, and traditional water sources; rainwater harvesting; prevention of encroachment on water bodies
2. Hariyali (Greenery): Mass plantation drive — planting trees along roads, railway lines, canals, and public spaces; achieving 15-17% tree cover
Target: Plant 24 crore (240 million) trees across Bihar
Budget: ₹24,524 crore (2019-2022)
Special: Linked community participation with tree planting festivals (Van Mahotsav)
*Why A is wrong:* Tap water connections to households are under 'Har Ghar Nal Ka Jal' (Bihar government) and Jal Jeevan Mission (central) — separate programmes.
*Why C is wrong:* River interlinking is a separate national-level proposal; Jal Jeevan Hariyali focuses on conservation of existing water bodies.
*Why D is wrong:* While some Jal Jeevan Hariyali works may involve MGNREGS workers, the scheme's PRIMARY objective is environmental — water conservation and plantation.
1. Jal (Water): Conservation — repair and rejuvenation of ponds, wells, lakes, and traditional water sources; rainwater harvesting; prevention of encroachment on water bodies
2. Hariyali (Greenery): Mass plantation drive — planting trees along roads, railway lines, canals, and public spaces; achieving 15-17% tree cover
Target: Plant 24 crore (240 million) trees across Bihar
Budget: ₹24,524 crore (2019-2022)
Special: Linked community participation with tree planting festivals (Van Mahotsav)
*Why A is wrong:* Tap water connections to households are under 'Har Ghar Nal Ka Jal' (Bihar government) and Jal Jeevan Mission (central) — separate programmes.
*Why C is wrong:* River interlinking is a separate national-level proposal; Jal Jeevan Hariyali focuses on conservation of existing water bodies.
*Why D is wrong:* While some Jal Jeevan Hariyali works may involve MGNREGS workers, the scheme's PRIMARY objective is environmental — water conservation and plantation.