Freedom Movement — 1857 Revolt
Q491EasyBPSC Prelims
Which event is commonly regarded as the "First War of Indian Independence"?
ASepoy Mutiny of 1857
BJallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919
CNon-Cooperation Movement 1920
DQuit India Movement 1942
Show Answer
✔ A — Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 (also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the British) began on May 10, 1857 at Meerut when Indian soldiers revolted against the use of greased cartridges. V.D. Savarkar coined the term "First War of Indian Independence" in his 1909 book. The revolt spread to Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi, and parts of Bihar. It was suppressed by November 1857. The Crown took over from the East India Company after this revolt via the Government of India Act 1858.
*Why B is wrong:* Jallianwala Bagh (1919) was a British massacre of peaceful protesters — a crucial event but not called First War of Independence.
*Why C is wrong:* Non-Cooperation (1920) was Gandhi's first mass movement — peaceful, not a war.
*Why D is wrong:* Quit India (1942) was the final mass movement for independence, not the first war.
*Why B is wrong:* Jallianwala Bagh (1919) was a British massacre of peaceful protesters — a crucial event but not called First War of Independence.
*Why C is wrong:* Non-Cooperation (1920) was Gandhi's first mass movement — peaceful, not a war.
*Why D is wrong:* Quit India (1942) was the final mass movement for independence, not the first war.
Q492EasyBPSC Prelims
Who fired the first shot of the 1857 revolt at Barrackpore?
ATantia Tope
BMangal Pandey
CNana Sahib
DKunwar Singh
Show Answer
✔ B — Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey, a soldier in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry at Barrackpore (near Calcutta), attacked his British officers on March 29, 1857 — before the main Meerut uprising of May 10, 1857. He was arrested, court-martialed, and hanged on April 8, 1857. His action is considered the opening shot of the revolt. His name became synonymous with rebellion ("Pandey" used as a term by British soldiers).
*Why A is wrong:* Tantia Tope was a key military leader of the 1857 revolt (Nana Sahib's general) but based in Central India, not Barrackpore.
*Why C is wrong:* Nana Sahib led the Kanpur revolt and was the adopted son of the last Peshwa — not the first to fire.
*Why D is wrong:* Kunwar Singh led the Bihar theatre of the revolt, not Barrackpore.
*Why A is wrong:* Tantia Tope was a key military leader of the 1857 revolt (Nana Sahib's general) but based in Central India, not Barrackpore.
*Why C is wrong:* Nana Sahib led the Kanpur revolt and was the adopted son of the last Peshwa — not the first to fire.
*Why D is wrong:* Kunwar Singh led the Bihar theatre of the revolt, not Barrackpore.
Q493MediumBPSC Prelims
Which of the following cities was NOT a major centre of the 1857 revolt?
AMeerut
BLucknow
CMadras
DJhansi
Show Answer
✔ C — Madras
The 1857 revolt was concentrated in North and Central India. Major centres included: Meerut (where it began May 10), Delhi (Bahadur Shah Zafar declared leader), Lucknow (Begum Hazrat Mahal led), Kanpur (Nana Sahib), Jhansi (Rani Lakshmibai), and Jagdishpur Bihar (Kunwar Singh). Madras (present-day Chennai) in South India remained largely peaceful and loyal to the British. South India, Punjab (newly annexed), and Bengal (where educated classes were critical of the revolt) were generally not affected.
*Why A is wrong:* Meerut was where the main revolt began on May 10, 1857 — a primary centre.
*Why B is wrong:* Lucknow saw prolonged siege — Begum Hazrat Mahal held out until March 1858.
*Why D is wrong:* Jhansi under Rani Lakshmibai was a major centre of resistance.
*Why A is wrong:* Meerut was where the main revolt began on May 10, 1857 — a primary centre.
*Why B is wrong:* Lucknow saw prolonged siege — Begum Hazrat Mahal held out until March 1858.
*Why D is wrong:* Jhansi under Rani Lakshmibai was a major centre of resistance.
Q494HardBPSC Prelims
The immediate cause of the 1857 revolt was the introduction of the Enfield rifle cartridge. What was the religious significance of the controversy?
AThe cartridge paper was printed with Quranic verses
BThe cartridge grease was reportedly made from cow and pig fat, offensive to Hindus and Muslims respectively
CThe cartridge was manufactured in a temple town, which soldiers considered impure
DThe cartridge color (red) was associated with death in Indian culture
Show Answer
✔ B — The cartridge grease was reportedly made from cow and pig fat, offensive to Hindus and Muslims respectively
The new Enfield rifle Pattern 1853 required soldiers to bite off the greased end of the cartridge before loading. Rumors spread (in January 1857) that the grease was made from cow fat (sacred to Hindus, who would be ritually polluted by biting it) and pig fat (forbidden to Muslims). Both communities believed this was a British conspiracy to defile them and forcibly convert them to Christianity. This immediate trigger ignited simmering discontent over annexation policies (Doctrine of Lapse), social reforms (widow remarriage), and economic exploitation.
*Why A is wrong:* No Quranic verses were involved — the issue was the animal fat grease, not printed text.
*Why C is wrong:* The manufacturing location was not the issue — the animal fat was the specific controversy.
*Why D is wrong:* Color symbolism was not the cause; the specific concern was ritual defilement through consuming forbidden animal fat.
*Why A is wrong:* No Quranic verses were involved — the issue was the animal fat grease, not printed text.
*Why C is wrong:* The manufacturing location was not the issue — the animal fat was the specific controversy.
*Why D is wrong:* Color symbolism was not the cause; the specific concern was ritual defilement through consuming forbidden animal fat.
Freedom Movement — INC Formation
Q495EasyBPSC Prelims
The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in which year?
A1875
B1880
C1885
D1890
Show Answer
✔ C — 1885
The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, in Bombay (now Mumbai) at the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College. Allan Octavian Hume (a retired British ICS officer), Dadabhai Naoroji, and Dinshaw Wacha were the key founders. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first President. The first session had 72 delegates from across India. The Congress was initially a moderate organization seeking reforms within the British system.
*Why A is wrong:* 1875 saw the founding of the Arya Samaj by Dayanand Saraswati — a social reform organization, not the INC.
*Why B is wrong:* 1880 has no major political founding event.
*Why D is wrong:* 1890 is after the INC's founding — the INC was already 5 years old by then.
*Why A is wrong:* 1875 saw the founding of the Arya Samaj by Dayanand Saraswati — a social reform organization, not the INC.
*Why B is wrong:* 1880 has no major political founding event.
*Why D is wrong:* 1890 is after the INC's founding — the INC was already 5 years old by then.
Q496MediumBPSC Prelims
Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress. He was a:
AIndian social reformer
BBritish missionary
CRetired Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer
DAmerican journalist
Show Answer
✔ C — Retired Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer
A.O. Hume (1829–1912) was a retired British Indian Civil Service officer who had served as a district officer and secretary. After retirement, he became convinced that India needed a safety valve for political discontent to prevent another 1857-type revolt. He corresponded with Indian graduates and organized the first INC session in 1885. Hume's theory: the INC would channel educated Indian opinion into constitutional demands, preventing violent revolution. Some historians call this the "Safety Valve Theory" of INC's founding.
*Why A is wrong:* Hume was British, not Indian, though he championed Indian interests.
*Why B is wrong:* He was a colonial administrator, not a missionary — the missionary community had different objectives.
*Why D is wrong:* He was a British ICS officer, not an American journalist.
*Why A is wrong:* Hume was British, not Indian, though he championed Indian interests.
*Why B is wrong:* He was a colonial administrator, not a missionary — the missionary community had different objectives.
*Why D is wrong:* He was a British ICS officer, not an American journalist.
Freedom Movement — Early INC
Q497MediumBPSC Prelims
Who presided over the historic Surat Session of 1907 that split the Indian National Congress?
ABal Gangadhar Tilak
BRash Behari Ghosh
CGopal Krishna Gokhale
DBipin Chandra Pal
Show Answer
✔ B — Rash Behari Ghosh
The Surat Split of 1907 occurred at the Congress session presided over by Rash Behari Ghosh (a moderate). The split was between Moderates (led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale) and Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal — the "Lal-Bal-Pal" trio). The dispute was over the presidency (Extremists wanted Tilak; Moderates preferred their own candidate) and methods (petition vs. mass agitation). The session broke down in chaos; Tilak and his followers were expelled. The two groups reunited only at the Lucknow Session of 1916.
*Why A is wrong:* Tilak was the Extremist leader at Surat — not the Congress President; he was expelled from the session.
*Why C is wrong:* Gokhale led the Moderate faction but was not the session president — he chose Rash Behari Ghosh.
*Why D is wrong:* Bipin Chandra Pal was an Extremist leader alongside Tilak, not the session president.
*Why A is wrong:* Tilak was the Extremist leader at Surat — not the Congress President; he was expelled from the session.
*Why C is wrong:* Gokhale led the Moderate faction but was not the session president — he chose Rash Behari Ghosh.
*Why D is wrong:* Bipin Chandra Pal was an Extremist leader alongside Tilak, not the session president.
Freedom Movement — Extremists vs. Moderates
Q498HardBPSC Prelims
Which statement CORRECTLY distinguishes Extremists from Moderates in the Indian National Congress?
AExtremists believed in armed revolution; Moderates believed in non-violence
BExtremists demanded immediate Purna Swaraj; Moderates demanded Dominion Status or self-government within the British Empire
CExtremists were mainly from Western India; Moderates were mainly from Eastern India
DExtremists formed a separate party after Surat; Moderates retained the INC name
Show Answer
✔ B — Extremists demanded immediate Purna Swaraj; Moderates demanded Dominion Status or self-government within the British Empire
The core ideological difference: Moderates (Gokhale, Naoroji, Ranade) believed in gradual reform through petitions, press, and constitutional means — they sought self-government within the Empire (Dominion Status). Extremists (Tilak, Pal, Lajpat Rai) wanted Swaraj (self-rule) as a birth-right, used mass agitation, boycott, and swadeshi, and were unwilling to wait for British concessions. Extremists did NOT specifically demand armed revolution (that was a different strand — revolutionary terrorism like Bhagat Singh). After Surat, Extremists were excluded from the Congress; they did not form a separate party.
*Why A is wrong:* Neither group officially advocated armed revolution; the distinction was between petition-based moderation and mass agitation, not violence vs. non-violence.
*Why C is wrong:* Both groups had all-India representation — geographic generalization is inaccurate.
*Why D is wrong:* After Surat, Extremists were expelled from Congress but did not form a new party; Moderates retained Congress control.
*Why A is wrong:* Neither group officially advocated armed revolution; the distinction was between petition-based moderation and mass agitation, not violence vs. non-violence.
*Why C is wrong:* Both groups had all-India representation — geographic generalization is inaccurate.
*Why D is wrong:* After Surat, Extremists were expelled from Congress but did not form a new party; Moderates retained Congress control.
Freedom Movement — Partition of Bengal
Q499EasyBPSC Prelims
The Partition of Bengal was announced in which year?
A1900
B1905
C1910
D1911
Show Answer
✔ B — 1905
Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, partitioned Bengal on October 16, 1905, dividing the province into East Bengal and Assam (Muslim-majority) and West Bengal (Hindu-majority). Curzon claimed administrative efficiency; nationalists saw it as a deliberate divide-and-rule policy to weaken the Bengali nationalist movement. October 16, 1905 (Partition Day) was observed as a day of mourning; Rabindranath Tagore composed songs for the occasion. The partition was annulled in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar.
*Why A is wrong:* 1900 had no Bengal partition — Curzon became Viceroy in 1899 and took time to implement the partition.
*Why C is wrong:* 1910 is after the partition — by then the Swadeshi movement had already peaked.
*Why D is wrong:* 1911 is when the partition was annulled (reversed), not when it was implemented.
*Why A is wrong:* 1900 had no Bengal partition — Curzon became Viceroy in 1899 and took time to implement the partition.
*Why C is wrong:* 1910 is after the partition — by then the Swadeshi movement had already peaked.
*Why D is wrong:* 1911 is when the partition was annulled (reversed), not when it was implemented.
Freedom Movement — Swadeshi Movement
Q500MediumBPSC Prelims
The Swadeshi Movement was primarily a response to which event?
AJallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919
BSimon Commission 1927
CPartition of Bengal 1905
DRowlatt Act 1919
Show Answer
✔ C — Partition of Bengal 1905
The Swadeshi Movement (1905–1908) emerged directly in response to the Partition of Bengal (October 16, 1905). Its core features: (1) Boycott of British goods; (2) Use of Indian-made (swadeshi) products; (3) National education movement (Bengal National College founded); (4) Passive resistance. Leaders included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh. It was the first major anti-British economic mass movement and a precursor to Gandhi's later campaigns.
*Why A is wrong:* Jallianwala Bagh (1919) triggered the Non-Cooperation Movement, not Swadeshi.
*Why B is wrong:* Simon Commission (1927) triggered boycott protests leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
*Why D is wrong:* Rowlatt Act (1919) triggered Gandhi's Satyagraha, not the Swadeshi Movement.
*Why A is wrong:* Jallianwala Bagh (1919) triggered the Non-Cooperation Movement, not Swadeshi.
*Why B is wrong:* Simon Commission (1927) triggered boycott protests leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
*Why D is wrong:* Rowlatt Act (1919) triggered Gandhi's Satyagraha, not the Swadeshi Movement.
Freedom Movement — Morley-Minto Reforms
Q501MediumBPSC Prelims
The Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) is most criticized for introducing which controversial feature?
ADyarchy in provincial governments
BSeparate electorates for Muslims
CDirect elections to the Central Legislature
DFederal structure for India
Show Answer
✔ B — Separate electorates for Muslims
The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims — Muslim voters could only vote for Muslim candidates in reserved Muslim seats. This was a landmark in communal politics; critics argue it institutionalized Hindu-Muslim divisions and planted seeds of partition. The Muslim League (founded 1906) had demanded this. Minto himself called it "a recognition of the fact that the Muslim community is a distinct political entity." Lord Morley (Secretary of State) later admitted it was a mistake.
*Why A is wrong:* Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) — not 1909.
*Why C is wrong:* Direct elections to the Central Legislature came later — 1909 had limited elected representation.
*Why D is wrong:* The federal structure was introduced by Government of India Act 1935 (though never fully implemented).
*Why A is wrong:* Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) — not 1909.
*Why C is wrong:* Direct elections to the Central Legislature came later — 1909 had limited elected representation.
*Why D is wrong:* The federal structure was introduced by Government of India Act 1935 (though never fully implemented).
Freedom Movement — Lucknow Pact
Q502MediumBPSC Prelims
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was significant because it:
AEnded the Non-Cooperation Movement
BBrought the Congress and Muslim League together for the first time
CGranted Dominion Status to India
DEstablished the Constituent Assembly of India
Show Answer
✔ B — Brought the Congress and Muslim League together for the first time
The Lucknow Pact (December 1916) was an agreement between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the All India Muslim League (AIML). Congress accepted the principle of separate electorates for Muslims (which it had previously opposed) in exchange for Muslim League support for Indian self-government. Congress President — Ambika Charan Mazumdar; Muslim League President — Muhammad Ali Jinnah (who was called the "Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity" at this time). This was Jinnah's finest hour as a nationalist; he later moved away from joint politics.
*Why A is wrong:* The Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1920, four years after the Lucknow Pact — the pact did not end it.
*Why C is wrong:* No Dominion Status was granted in 1916 — Congress was still seeking self-government.
*Why D is wrong:* The Constituent Assembly was established in 1946, thirty years later.
*Why A is wrong:* The Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1920, four years after the Lucknow Pact — the pact did not end it.
*Why C is wrong:* No Dominion Status was granted in 1916 — Congress was still seeking self-government.
*Why D is wrong:* The Constituent Assembly was established in 1946, thirty years later.
Freedom Movement — Jallianwala Bagh
Q503EasyBPSC Prelims
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred on which date?
AApril 13, 1919
BAugust 9, 1942
CMarch 12, 1930
DJanuary 26, 1930
Show Answer
✔ A — April 13, 1919
On April 13, 1919 (Baisakhi — a Punjabi harvest festival), a large crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops to open fire without warning on the unarmed crowd trapped in the walled garden. Official British figures: 379 killed, 1,200 wounded. Indian estimates put deaths at 1,000+. The massacre was triggered by the Rowlatt Act protests. Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood in protest. A British parliamentary inquiry (Hunter Commission) criticized but did not prosecute Dyer.
*Why B is wrong:* August 9, 1942 is the date of the Quit India Movement launch — "Do or Die" speech.
*Why C is wrong:* March 12, 1930 is when Gandhi began the Dandi March — start of Civil Disobedience Movement.
*Why D is wrong:* January 26, 1930 is the first "Independence Day" celebrated by Congress after the Lahore Session — not Jallianwala Bagh.
*Why B is wrong:* August 9, 1942 is the date of the Quit India Movement launch — "Do or Die" speech.
*Why C is wrong:* March 12, 1930 is when Gandhi began the Dandi March — start of Civil Disobedience Movement.
*Why D is wrong:* January 26, 1930 is the first "Independence Day" celebrated by Congress after the Lahore Session — not Jallianwala Bagh.
Freedom Movement — Rowlatt Act
Q504MediumBPSC Prelims
The Rowlatt Act (1919) was opposed by Indians primarily because it:
AImposed heavy taxes on Indian goods
BAllowed imprisonment without trial for suspected revolutionaries
CBanned the Indian National Congress
DReplaced Indian judges with British judges
Show Answer
✔ B — Allowed imprisonment without trial for suspected revolutionaries
The Rowlatt Act (officially the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919), based on the Sedition Committee report chaired by Justice Sidney Rowlatt, allowed the government to imprison any person suspected of revolutionary activity for up to two years without trial. It also allowed trials without juries. Indians called it the "Black Act" — it was passed in the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous Indian member opposition. Gandhi launched a Satyagraha against it on April 6, 1919, calling for a hartal (strike). The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre followed a week later.
*Why A is wrong:* Taxation of Indian goods was not the Rowlatt Act's content — that was a separate issue in Indian economic history.
*Why C is wrong:* The INC was not banned — it continued to function and led the opposition to the Act.
*Why D is wrong:* Replacing Indian judges was not part of the Rowlatt Act — it was specifically about detention without trial.
*Why A is wrong:* Taxation of Indian goods was not the Rowlatt Act's content — that was a separate issue in Indian economic history.
*Why C is wrong:* The INC was not banned — it continued to function and led the opposition to the Act.
*Why D is wrong:* Replacing Indian judges was not part of the Rowlatt Act — it was specifically about detention without trial.
Freedom Movement — Non-Cooperation Movement
Q505MediumBPSC Prelims
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) did NOT include which of the following activities?
ABoycott of foreign goods
BReturn of British titles and honours
CBoycott of government schools and courts
DArmed resistance to British rule
Show Answer
✔ D — Armed resistance to British rule
The Non-Cooperation Movement (launched September 1920 at the Calcutta Special Session, formally adopted December 1920 at Nagpur) was strictly non-violent. Activities included: (1) Return of titles and honors (Gandhi returned his Kaiser-e-Hind medal); (2) Boycott of government schools, courts, and legislatures; (3) Boycott of foreign cloth and goods; (4) Promotion of swadeshi — spinning khadi; (5) Picketing of liquor shops. Armed resistance was explicitly rejected by Gandhi. The movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident (February 1922) precisely because violence had occurred.
*Why A is wrong:* Boycott of foreign goods was a central feature of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
*Why B is wrong:* Return of honors was a key first step — Gandhi himself returned medals.
*Why C is wrong:* Boycott of government schools and courts was fundamental — many lawyers and students participated.
*Why A is wrong:* Boycott of foreign goods was a central feature of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
*Why B is wrong:* Return of honors was a key first step — Gandhi himself returned medals.
*Why C is wrong:* Boycott of government schools and courts was fundamental — many lawyers and students participated.
Freedom Movement — Chauri Chaura
Q506HardBPSC Prelims
Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922?
AHe was arrested by the British government
BA mob burned a police station at Chauri Chaura, killing 22 policemen
CThe Congress party voted to end the movement
DThe British granted limited self-government as a concession
Show Answer
✔ B — A mob burned a police station at Chauri Chaura, killing 22 policemen
On February 4–5, 1922, at Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP — now in Uttar Pradesh), a crowd of NCM protesters set fire to a police chowki (station) after a clash with police. 22 policemen were burned to death. Gandhi, horrified at the violence, unilaterally suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement on February 12, 1922, saying: "The country is not yet ready for civil disobedience." Congress leaders like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, and Subhash Bose were deeply critical of the suspension. Gandhi was later arrested in March 1922 and sentenced to 6 years (released after 2 years due to appendix surgery).
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi was arrested in March 1922 — after he withdrew the movement, not as the reason for withdrawal.
*Why C is wrong:* Congress had not voted to end it — Gandhi acted unilaterally, against the wishes of many Congress leaders.
*Why D is wrong:* No British concession was offered — the British were actually pleased to see Gandhi suspend the movement.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi was arrested in March 1922 — after he withdrew the movement, not as the reason for withdrawal.
*Why C is wrong:* Congress had not voted to end it — Gandhi acted unilaterally, against the wishes of many Congress leaders.
*Why D is wrong:* No British concession was offered — the British were actually pleased to see Gandhi suspend the movement.
Freedom Movement — Simon Commission
Q507EasyBPSC Prelims
The Simon Commission (1927) was boycotted by Indians because:
AIt proposed abolishing Indian princely states
BIt had no Indian members — all seven members were British
CIt recommended partition of India
DIt was opposed by the British Parliament
Show Answer
✔ B — It had no Indian members — all seven members were British
The Simon Commission was appointed by the British government in 1927 under Sir John Simon to review the Government of India Act 1919 and suggest further constitutional reforms. All seven members were British MPs — no Indian was included. This exclusion outraged Indian political leaders across all parties. The commission was greeted with black flags and "Simon Go Back" slogans wherever it went. During a protest in Lahore (1928), Lala Lajpat Rai was lathi-charged; he died shortly after. Bhagat Singh avenged his death by shooting British officer Saunders.
*Why A is wrong:* The Simon Commission was about constitutional reforms for British India, not about abolishing princely states.
*Why C is wrong:* Partition of India was not on the Simon Commission's agenda — that came much later.
*Why D is wrong:* The British Parliament did not oppose the commission — it was a parliamentary commission.
*Why A is wrong:* The Simon Commission was about constitutional reforms for British India, not about abolishing princely states.
*Why C is wrong:* Partition of India was not on the Simon Commission's agenda — that came much later.
*Why D is wrong:* The British Parliament did not oppose the commission — it was a parliamentary commission.
Freedom Movement — Lahore Session 1929
Q508MediumBPSC Prelims
At which Congress session was "Purna Swaraj" (Complete Independence) declared as the goal of the INC?
ACalcutta Session 1920
BNagpur Session 1920
CLahore Session 1929
DLucknow Session 1916
Show Answer
✔ C — Lahore Session 1929
At the Lahore Session (December 1929), presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress passed the Purna Swaraj resolution — demanding complete independence (not Dominion Status). The Tricolour flag was unfurled at midnight on December 31, 1929. January 26, 1930 was declared "Independence Day" (Poorna Swaraj Day) and observed as a day of pledge across India. This date — January 26 — was later chosen as India's Republic Day (1950) to honor this pledge. The Lahore Session also rejected the Nehru Report's demand for Dominion Status.
*Why A is wrong:* Calcutta Session 1920 launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, not Purna Swaraj.
*Why B is wrong:* Nagpur Session 1920 formally adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement and reorganized the INC on linguistic lines.
*Why D is wrong:* Lucknow Session 1916 produced the Lucknow Pact between INC and Muslim League.
*Why A is wrong:* Calcutta Session 1920 launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, not Purna Swaraj.
*Why B is wrong:* Nagpur Session 1920 formally adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement and reorganized the INC on linguistic lines.
*Why D is wrong:* Lucknow Session 1916 produced the Lucknow Pact between INC and Muslim League.
Freedom Movement — Dandi March
Q509EasyBPSC Prelims
Gandhi began the famous Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) from which place?
AAhmedabad (Sabarmati Ashram)
BWardha (Sevagram Ashram)
CBombay (Marine Lines)
DSurat (Congress headquarters)
Show Answer
✔ A — Ahmedabad (Sabarmati Ashram)
Gandhi began the Dandi March on March 12, 1930, from Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad. He walked 241 miles (388 km) over 24 days with 78 selected followers, reaching Dandi (coastal village in Gujarat) on April 5, 1930. On April 6, 1930, Gandhi picked up a lump of natural salt from the beach — an act of civil disobedience against the British salt monopoly. This launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. The British had imposed a salt tax and prohibited Indians from making salt. Thousands were arrested across India in the following months.
*Why B is wrong:* Wardha (Sevagram Ashram) was Gandhi's residence from 1936 — after the Dandi March, not where it started.
*Why C is wrong:* Marine Lines is a Bombay locality — Gandhi started from Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, not Bombay.
*Why D is wrong:* Surat was the site of the 1907 Congress split — not connected to the Dandi March starting point.
*Why B is wrong:* Wardha (Sevagram Ashram) was Gandhi's residence from 1936 — after the Dandi March, not where it started.
*Why C is wrong:* Marine Lines is a Bombay locality — Gandhi started from Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, not Bombay.
*Why D is wrong:* Surat was the site of the 1907 Congress split — not connected to the Dandi March starting point.
Freedom Movement — Civil Disobedience Movement
Q510MediumBPSC Prelims
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931 was significant because:
AIt granted Indians Dominion Status immediately
BCongress agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London
CThe British agreed to grant full independence to India by 1935
DGandhi agreed to suspend all political activities for five years
Show Answer
✔ B — Congress agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (also called Delhi Pact), signed March 5, 1931, between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin: Key terms — (1) Congress would participate in the Second Round Table Conference; (2) The British would release all political prisoners (except those convicted of violence); (3) The salt tax would not be reimposed in coastal areas; (4) The Civil Disobedience Movement would be suspended. Gandhi attended the Second RTC in London (September–December 1931) as the sole Congress representative — but it was inconclusive. The CDM was relaunched in 1932 after its failure.
*Why A is wrong:* No Dominion Status was granted — the pact was a tactical truce, not a fundamental grant of status.
*Why C is wrong:* No independence timeline was committed — the British made no such promise.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi did not agree to suspend political activities for five years — the CDM was only temporarily suspended, then relaunched.
*Why A is wrong:* No Dominion Status was granted — the pact was a tactical truce, not a fundamental grant of status.
*Why C is wrong:* No independence timeline was committed — the British made no such promise.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi did not agree to suspend political activities for five years — the CDM was only temporarily suspended, then relaunched.
Freedom Movement — Round Table Conferences
Q511HardBPSC Prelims
How many Round Table Conferences were held between Britain and India, and which one did Gandhi attend?
ATwo conferences; Gandhi attended the first
BThree conferences; Gandhi attended the second
CTwo conferences; Gandhi attended both
DThree conferences; Gandhi attended the first and third
Show Answer
✔ B — Three conferences; Gandhi attended the second
Three Round Table Conferences were held in London: (1) First RTC: November 1930 – January 1931 — Congress boycotted it (CDM was ongoing); attended by Muslim League, Liberal Party, princes. (2) Second RTC: September–December 1931 — Gandhi attended as sole Congress representative following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact; no agreement was reached on communal representation. (3) Third RTC: November–December 1932 — Congress again boycotted; attendance was thin; resulted in the Communal Award (August 1932) which Congress rejected.
*Why A is wrong:* There were three RTCs, not two; Gandhi attended the second, not the first.
*Why C is wrong:* Gandhi attended only one (the second) of the three RTCs.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi did not attend the first or third — he attended only the second RTC.
*Why A is wrong:* There were three RTCs, not two; Gandhi attended the second, not the first.
*Why C is wrong:* Gandhi attended only one (the second) of the three RTCs.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi did not attend the first or third — he attended only the second RTC.
Freedom Movement — Government of India Act 1935
Q512MediumBPSC Prelims
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced which of the following for the first time?
ALegislative Council for provinces
BDyarchy at the Center; provincial autonomy
CSeparate electorates for Muslims
DThe post of Viceroy
Show Answer
✔ B — Dyarchy at the Center; provincial autonomy
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced: (1) Provincial Autonomy — elected provincial governments with ministers responsible to provincial legislatures (dyarchy abolished at provincial level); (2) Dyarchy at the Centre — the Centre was divided into Reserved subjects (defense, external affairs — under Viceroy) and Transferred subjects (theoretically transferred to Indian ministers); (3) All-India Federation (never implemented due to princely states' refusal); (4) Federal Court of India (set up in 1937); (5) Reserve Bank of India (set up 1935). It remains the longest Act ever passed by the British Parliament.
*Why A is wrong:* Legislative Councils in provinces existed since the Indian Councils Act 1861 — much earlier than 1935.
*Why C is wrong:* Separate electorates for Muslims were introduced by the Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909).
*Why D is wrong:* The Viceroy post existed since 1858 (after the revolt) — well before 1935.
*Why A is wrong:* Legislative Councils in provinces existed since the Indian Councils Act 1861 — much earlier than 1935.
*Why C is wrong:* Separate electorates for Muslims were introduced by the Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909).
*Why D is wrong:* The Viceroy post existed since 1858 (after the revolt) — well before 1935.
Freedom Movement — Quit India Movement
Q513EasyBPSC Prelims
Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement on which date?
AAugust 9, 1942
BJanuary 26, 1930
CSeptember 1, 1939
DMarch 12, 1930
Show Answer
✔ A — August 9, 1942
At the Bombay Session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) on August 8, 1942, Gandhi gave his famous "Do or Die" speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan). The Quit India resolution was passed. On August 9, 1942, the British arrested Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and virtually the entire Congress leadership before dawn. This triggered a spontaneous mass uprising across India — people attacked government buildings, cut telegraph lines, and derailed trains. The movement was brutally suppressed — about 100,000 arrested, 1,000 killed by year's end.
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1930 was the first "Independence Day" (Purna Swaraj pledge day) — not Quit India.
*Why C is wrong:* September 1, 1939 was when World War II began with Germany invading Poland.
*Why D is wrong:* March 12, 1930 was when Gandhi began the Dandi March — start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1930 was the first "Independence Day" (Purna Swaraj pledge day) — not Quit India.
*Why C is wrong:* September 1, 1939 was when World War II began with Germany invading Poland.
*Why D is wrong:* March 12, 1930 was when Gandhi began the Dandi March — start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Q514MediumBPSC Prelims
"Do or Die" — Gandhi's most famous call to action — was delivered at which place?
ASabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad
BGowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay
CRam Lila Maidan, Delhi
DGandhi Maidan, Patna
Show Answer
✔ B — Gowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay
Gandhi delivered the "Do or Die" (Karo ya Maro) speech on the evening of August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay (now renamed August Kranti Maidan — meaning "August Revolution Ground"). The speech was directed at the AICC delegates and the nation: "Here is a mantra, a short one, that I give you. You may imprint it on your hearts and let every breath of yours give expression to it. The mantra is: 'Do or Die.' We shall either free India or die in the attempt." He was arrested the very next morning, August 9.
*Why A is wrong:* Sabarmati Ashram is where the Dandi March began (March 12, 1930) — not the "Do or Die" speech.
*Why C is wrong:* Ram Lila Maidan in Delhi has hosted major events but not this specific speech.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi Maidan in Patna is Bihar's famous ground — it hosted the Bihar protest meetings during Quit India, but not Gandhi's speech.
*Why A is wrong:* Sabarmati Ashram is where the Dandi March began (March 12, 1930) — not the "Do or Die" speech.
*Why C is wrong:* Ram Lila Maidan in Delhi has hosted major events but not this specific speech.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi Maidan in Patna is Bihar's famous ground — it hosted the Bihar protest meetings during Quit India, but not Gandhi's speech.
Freedom Movement — Subhash Chandra Bose
Q515MediumBPSC Prelims
Subhash Chandra Bose founded the Indian National Army (INA / Azad Hind Fauj) in:
AGermany, 1941
BJapan, 1942
CSingapore, 1943
DBurma, 1944
Show Answer
✔ C — Singapore, 1943
Subhash Chandra Bose reached Singapore in July 1943 via Germany and then Japan. He took over the leadership of the INA (already formed by Mohan Singh in 1942 in Singapore using Indian POWs captured by Japan). Bose reconstituted the INA and formed the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) in Singapore on October 21, 1943. He declared war on Britain and USA. The INA advanced into Northeast India in 1944 (the Imphal-Kohima campaign) but was defeated. Bose died in a plane crash in Taiwan on August 18, 1945.
*Why A is wrong:* Bose did visit Germany (1941–1943) and even met Hitler — but the INA was formed in Singapore, not Germany.
*Why B is wrong:* Japan was Bose's ally and transit point, but the INA was headquartered in Singapore, not Japan.
*Why D is wrong:* Burma (Myanmar) was the INA's battlefield in 1944 — not where it was founded.
*Why A is wrong:* Bose did visit Germany (1941–1943) and even met Hitler — but the INA was formed in Singapore, not Germany.
*Why B is wrong:* Japan was Bose's ally and transit point, but the INA was headquartered in Singapore, not Japan.
*Why D is wrong:* Burma (Myanmar) was the INA's battlefield in 1944 — not where it was founded.
Q539MediumBPSC Prelims
Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from India in 1941 and traveled to Germany. By what name was his journey called?
AGreat Escape
BKabul Escape / Great Escape via Kabul
CAfghan Route
DOperation Freedom
Show Answer
✔ B — Kabul Escape / Great Escape via Kabul
Subhash Chandra Bose was under house arrest in Calcutta in January 1941. On January 17, 1941, he escaped in disguise (as a Pathan Muslim named Ziauddin) via Peshawar → Kabul → Moscow → Rome → Berlin. He traveled 6,000 miles across hostile territory. He arrived in Berlin in April 1941, met Hitler, formed the Indian Legion (Azad Hind Legion) from Indian POWs in Europe. He later traveled by submarine to the Indian Ocean, transferred to a Japanese submarine, and reached Singapore in July 1943 to take command of the INA.
*Why A is wrong:* "Great Escape" is a general term — the specific route description involves the Kabul escape.
*Why C is wrong:* The Afghan Route is partially correct (he did pass through Afghanistan/Kabul) but the commonly used term includes the Kabul connection.
*Why D is wrong:* "Operation Freedom" is not the historical term used for Bose's escape.
*Why A is wrong:* "Great Escape" is a general term — the specific route description involves the Kabul escape.
*Why C is wrong:* The Afghan Route is partially correct (he did pass through Afghanistan/Kabul) but the commonly used term includes the Kabul connection.
*Why D is wrong:* "Operation Freedom" is not the historical term used for Bose's escape.
Freedom Movement — INA Trials
Q516HardBPSC Prelims
The INA trials of 1945–46 had which major unintended consequence for the British?
AThey led to Gandhi's final arrest
BThey sparked massive Indian public sympathy for INA officers, uniting Hindus and Muslims, and accelerated British departure
CThey caused the Indian Army to mutiny immediately
DThey led to the United Nations intervening in Indian independence
Show Answer
✔ B — They sparked massive Indian public sympathy for INA officers, uniting Hindus and Muslims, and accelerated British departure
The British tried INA officers (including Shah Nawaz Khan, P.K. Sehgal, G.S. Dhillon) at the Red Fort, Delhi, for treason. The trials backfired spectacularly. All three defendants were Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh — representing India's religious unity. Congress defended them (lawyers included Bhulabhai Desai, Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru). Public sentiment overwhelmingly favored the INA — mass protests erupted across India. The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (February 1946) followed, with sailors citing INA inspiration. British officials concluded India had become ungovernable without massive force — accelerating the decision to leave.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi was already released from prison (May 1944) before the INA trials — the trials did not lead to his arrest.
*Why C is wrong:* The Navy Mutiny occurred but not "immediately" — it came months later (February 1946) and was a separate if related event.
*Why D is wrong:* The UN had no direct role in the INA trials or India's independence process.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi was already released from prison (May 1944) before the INA trials — the trials did not lead to his arrest.
*Why C is wrong:* The Navy Mutiny occurred but not "immediately" — it came months later (February 1946) and was a separate if related event.
*Why D is wrong:* The UN had no direct role in the INA trials or India's independence process.
Freedom Movement — Cabinet Mission 1946
Q517MediumBPSC Prelims
The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 proposed:
AImmediate partition of India into two dominions
BA united India with a three-tier federal structure
CDirect British rule for 10 more years before granting independence
DA plebiscite in all provinces on whether to join India or Pakistan
Show Answer
✔ B — A united India with a three-tier federal structure
The Cabinet Mission (Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander, Lord Pethick-Lawrence) arrived in India in March 1946. Its plan: (1) United India (no partition); (2) Three-tier structure — Union (defense, foreign affairs, communications), Sections/Groups (provinces grouped — Group A: Hindu-majority, Group B: Muslim-majority NW, Group C: Muslim-majority NE/Bengal-Assam), Provinces (all other subjects); (3) Constituent Assembly for constitution-making. Both Congress and Muslim League initially accepted it. However, Nehru's statement that Congress would not be bound by grouping scheme caused Jinnah to withdraw — leading to Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946).
*Why A is wrong:* The Cabinet Mission explicitly rejected partition — it proposed a united India. Partition came later through the Mountbatten Plan (June 1947).
*Why C is wrong:* No 10-year delay was proposed — the Cabinet Mission was about immediate constitutional arrangements.
*Why D is wrong:* No plebiscite was proposed — the Mission directly proposed a constitutional structure.
*Why A is wrong:* The Cabinet Mission explicitly rejected partition — it proposed a united India. Partition came later through the Mountbatten Plan (June 1947).
*Why C is wrong:* No 10-year delay was proposed — the Cabinet Mission was about immediate constitutional arrangements.
*Why D is wrong:* No plebiscite was proposed — the Mission directly proposed a constitutional structure.
Freedom Movement — Direct Action Day
Q518HardBPSC Prelims
What was the Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946) called by the Muslim League?
AA day of prayer for Pakistan
BA day of mass civil disobedience to pressure the British
CA day of violent riots to show the consequences of refusing Pakistan — led to the Great Calcutta Killings
DA day of peaceful demonstration against the Cabinet Mission Plan
Show Answer
✔ C — A day of violent riots to show the consequences of refusing Pakistan — led to the Great Calcutta Killings
After the Muslim League's Council rejected the Cabinet Mission Plan in late July 1946, Jinnah called for "Direct Action Day" on August 16, 1946. Jinnah stated: "We have also forged a pistol and are in a position to use it." In Calcutta (then under Muslim League ministry of H.S. Suhrawardy), massive communal riots broke out — the "Great Calcutta Killings." Estimates: 5,000–10,000 dead in four days. The violence spread to Bihar (October 1946 — anti-Muslim riots), Noakhali (Bengal), and Punjab. The Direct Action Day violence convinced many that partition might be unavoidable.
*Why A is wrong:* It was not described as a day of prayer — Jinnah's framing was explicitly aggressive.
*Why B is wrong:* Civil disobedience was not what occurred — mass communal violence erupted, which was the practical outcome.
*Why D is wrong:* Far from peaceful, it triggered the worst communal violence seen in India before partition.
*Why A is wrong:* It was not described as a day of prayer — Jinnah's framing was explicitly aggressive.
*Why B is wrong:* Civil disobedience was not what occurred — mass communal violence erupted, which was the practical outcome.
*Why D is wrong:* Far from peaceful, it triggered the worst communal violence seen in India before partition.
Freedom Movement — Independence
Q519EasyBPSC Prelims
India became independent on which date?
AAugust 14, 1947
BAugust 15, 1947
CJanuary 26, 1950
DJune 3, 1947
Show Answer
✔ B — August 15, 1947
India became independent on August 15, 1947 (Pakistan a day earlier on August 14, 1947, due to the date line used in the partition process). Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister; Lord Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of independent India. Nehru delivered the famous "Tryst with Destiny" speech at midnight on August 14-15. The Indian Independence Act (passed by British Parliament on July 18, 1947) provided the legal framework. India became a Republic on January 26, 1950, with the Constitution coming into force.
*Why A is wrong:* August 14 is Pakistan's independence day — India's is August 15.
*Why C is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is Republic Day (when the Constitution came into force) — not Independence Day.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is when Mountbatten announced the "Partition Plan" (Mountbatten Plan) — not independence.
*Why A is wrong:* August 14 is Pakistan's independence day — India's is August 15.
*Why C is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is Republic Day (when the Constitution came into force) — not Independence Day.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is when Mountbatten announced the "Partition Plan" (Mountbatten Plan) — not independence.
Freedom Movement — Mountbatten Plan
Q520MediumBPSC Prelims
The Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) proposed:
AGranting Dominion Status to a united India
BPartition of India into two independent dominions — India and Pakistan
CA plebiscite in all British Indian provinces
DContinued British rule with elected Indian advisory councils
Show Answer
✔ B — Partition of India into two independent dominions — India and Pakistan
The Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) — also called the June Third Plan — proposed: (1) Partition of British India into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan; (2) Bengal and Punjab to be partitioned (based on population); (3) Sind, NWFP, Baluchistan, and Sylhet (Bengal) to vote on which dominion to join; (4) Princely states could accede to either dominion or remain independent; (5) Transfer of power by August 1947 (brought forward from June 1948). Both Congress (reluctantly) and Muslim League accepted the plan. Radcliffe Commission demarcated boundaries.
*Why A is wrong:* The plan proposed division, not a united Dominion — Congress had given up on unity by accepting partition.
*Why C is wrong:* Only specific areas (NWFP, Sylhet) had plebiscites — not all provinces.
*Why D is wrong:* Continued British rule was not proposed — the plan was about complete transfer of power.
*Why A is wrong:* The plan proposed division, not a united Dominion — Congress had given up on unity by accepting partition.
*Why C is wrong:* Only specific areas (NWFP, Sylhet) had plebiscites — not all provinces.
*Why D is wrong:* Continued British rule was not proposed — the plan was about complete transfer of power.
Freedom Movement — Bhagat Singh
Q521MediumBPSC Prelims
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were hanged on which date, which is now observed as Martyrs' Day?
AJanuary 30, 1948
BMarch 23, 1931
CApril 13, 1919
DAugust 9, 1925
Show Answer
✔ B — March 23, 1931
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on March 23, 1931, at Lahore Central Jail (now in Pakistan). They were convicted for the killing of British officer John Saunders (December 1928 — Saunders was killed by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru as revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai). They were also tried for throwing bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 8, 1929 — a deliberate act to be arrested and use the trial as a platform). March 23 is observed as Shaheed Diwas (Martyrs' Day) in India.
*Why A is wrong:* January 30, 1948 is when Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse — also called Martyrs' Day (Gandhi's martyrdom day).
*Why C is wrong:* April 13, 1919 is the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre date.
*Why D is wrong:* August 9, 1925 is the Kakori Train Robbery date — when Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan led the robbery.
*Why A is wrong:* January 30, 1948 is when Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse — also called Martyrs' Day (Gandhi's martyrdom day).
*Why C is wrong:* April 13, 1919 is the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre date.
*Why D is wrong:* August 9, 1925 is the Kakori Train Robbery date — when Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan led the robbery.
Freedom Movement — Cripps Mission
Q522HardBPSC Prelims
The Cripps Mission of 1942 failed primarily because:
AThe British offered no immediate transfer of power — only post-war Dominion Status
BGandhi opposed any foreign mission visiting India
CThe Muslim League rejected the proposal as inadequate
DThe US government intervened and pressured Britain to withdraw the offer
Show Answer
✔ A — The British offered no immediate transfer of power — only post-war Dominion Status
Sir Stafford Cripps came to India in March 1942 with proposals: (1) Post-war Dominion Status; (2) Constituent Assembly to draft constitution after WWII; (3) Any province could opt out of the Indian Union (which implied Pakistan possibility); (4) Indian representatives to join the Viceroy's Executive Council. Congress (Gandhi called it a "post-dated cheque from a crumbling bank") rejected it because no real power was transferred immediately — especially Defence Ministry stayed with the British. The Muslim League was unhappy about the Constituent Assembly provisions. The mission failed completely.
*Why B is wrong:* Gandhi's objection was the specific content — no immediate power transfer, especially defence — not the concept of a mission per se.
*Why C is wrong:* The Muslim League was not the primary reason for failure — Congress's rejection of the inadequate offer was the main issue.
*Why D is wrong:* The US had no direct role in the failure of the Cripps Mission — it was an internal Indian political rejection.
*Why B is wrong:* Gandhi's objection was the specific content — no immediate power transfer, especially defence — not the concept of a mission per se.
*Why C is wrong:* The Muslim League was not the primary reason for failure — Congress's rejection of the inadequate offer was the main issue.
*Why D is wrong:* The US had no direct role in the failure of the Cripps Mission — it was an internal Indian political rejection.
Bihar — Champaran Satyagraha
Q523EasyBPSC Prelims
Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). Champaran is located in which state?
AUttar Pradesh
BWest Bengal
CBihar
DJharkhand
Show Answer
✔ C — Bihar
Champaran is a district in Bihar (now divided into East Champaran and West Champaran). Gandhi arrived in Champaran in April 1917 at the request of indigo farmer Rajkumar Shukla. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was against the Tinkathia system — under which indigo farmers were forced to cultivate indigo on 3/20 of their land and sell it to British planters at fixed prices. Gandhi conducted an inquiry and submitted a report. The British passed the Champaran Agrarian Act 1918, abolishing the Tinkathia system. This was Gandhi's first Satyagraha on Indian soil (his earlier experiments were in South Africa).
*Why A is wrong:* Champaran is in Bihar, not Uttar Pradesh, though it borders UP.
*Why B is wrong:* West Bengal is a separate state — Champaran is in Bihar.
*Why D is wrong:* Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000 — Champaran remained in Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* Champaran is in Bihar, not Uttar Pradesh, though it borders UP.
*Why B is wrong:* West Bengal is a separate state — Champaran is in Bihar.
*Why D is wrong:* Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000 — Champaran remained in Bihar.
Q524MediumBPSC Prelims
The Tinkathia system, which Gandhi fought against in Champaran, required indigo cultivators to:
APay taxes in three installments
BGrow indigo on 3/20 of their land and sell at fixed prices
CGive three months' free labor to British planters
DPay rent in three types of currency
Show Answer
✔ B — Grow indigo on 3/20 of their land and sell at fixed prices
"Tinkathia" literally means three kathas (a unit of land measurement). Under this system, farmers were forced to cultivate indigo on 3 kathas out of every 20 kathas (3/20 or 15% of their land) and sell it to British planters at artificially low prices fixed by the planters — regardless of market prices or the farmers' choice. Since synthetic indigo had made natural indigo economically unviable, planters still enforced this system purely through power and debt bondage. Gandhi's inquiry documented the hardships; the Champaran Agrarian Act 1918 abolished this system.
*Why A is wrong:* Three-installment tax payment is not what Tinkathia meant — the term specifically referred to land proportion.
*Why C is wrong:* Forced labor is begar — a related but different form of exploitation; Tinkathia was specifically about forced crop cultivation.
*Why D is wrong:* Currency type was not the issue — Tinkathia was about land allocation for indigo cultivation.
*Why A is wrong:* Three-installment tax payment is not what Tinkathia meant — the term specifically referred to land proportion.
*Why C is wrong:* Forced labor is begar — a related but different form of exploitation; Tinkathia was specifically about forced crop cultivation.
*Why D is wrong:* Currency type was not the issue — Tinkathia was about land allocation for indigo cultivation.
Bihar — Freedom Struggle
Q525MediumBPSC Prelims
Kunwar Singh, the most celebrated Bihar hero of the 1857 revolt, belonged to which district?
APatna
BMuzaffarpur
CBhojpur (Arrah/Jagdishpur)
DGaya
Show Answer
✔ C — Bhojpur (Arrah/Jagdishpur)
Veer Kunwar Singh (1777–1858) was a zamindar from Jagdishpur, Bhojpur district (then part of Shahabad district, now Bhojpur). At age 80, he led a significant campaign against British forces in Bihar and UP. He captured Arrah (August 1857), fought in UP, and returned to Bihar in April 1858. In the Battle of Jagdishpur (April 23, 1858), he defeated British forces — his last major victory. He died on April 26, 1858, just three days after victory, reportedly from a battle wound. He is celebrated as a national hero; his birth anniversary (November 23) is Bihar Gaurav Diwas.
*Why A is wrong:* Patna was the British administrative centre — not Kunwar Singh's domain.
*Why B is wrong:* Muzaffarpur is in North Bihar — Kunwar Singh's territory was in Bhojpur, South/West Bihar.
*Why D is wrong:* Gaya is in South Bihar but not Kunwar Singh's district — he was from Jagdishpur, Bhojpur.
*Why A is wrong:* Patna was the British administrative centre — not Kunwar Singh's domain.
*Why B is wrong:* Muzaffarpur is in North Bihar — Kunwar Singh's territory was in Bhojpur, South/West Bihar.
*Why D is wrong:* Gaya is in South Bihar but not Kunwar Singh's district — he was from Jagdishpur, Bhojpur.
Q528MediumBPSC Prelims
The Bihar Shyamali Upadhi (Bihar Sorrow) refers to which river, which flooded severely in 1922 during the Non-Cooperation Movement protests, killing thousands?
AGanga
BKosi
CGandak
DSone
Show Answer
✔ B — Kosi
The Kosi River is historically called "Bihar's Sorrow" (Bihar ka Shok) due to its frequent, devastating floods. The Kosi originates in Nepal and has shifted its course by ~110 km westward over the last 250 years due to heavy silt deposition, causing repeated catastrophic flooding. The 2008 Kosi flood (embankment breach at Kusaha, Nepal) is the most recent major disaster — affecting 3.5 million people in North Bihar. While the 1922 specific question may be about context, the "Bihar's Sorrow" epithet firmly belongs to Kosi. The Kosi is embanked by the Kosi Project (1955-1962) at Bhimnagar barrage.
*Why A is wrong:* Ganga is the main river and spiritually significant — not called "Bihar's Sorrow."
*Why C is wrong:* Gandak (Narayani) has caused floods but is not given this specific designation.
*Why D is wrong:* Sone River flows in South Bihar (joins Ganga near Arrah) — not Bihar's Sorrow.
*Why A is wrong:* Ganga is the main river and spiritually significant — not called "Bihar's Sorrow."
*Why C is wrong:* Gandak (Narayani) has caused floods but is not given this specific designation.
*Why D is wrong:* Sone River flows in South Bihar (joins Ganga near Arrah) — not Bihar's Sorrow.
Q529HardBPSC Prelims
Which Bihar leader, known as the "Lion of Bihar," served as Bihar's first Chief Minister after independence?
AJayaprakash Narayan
BRajendra Prasad
CSri Krishna Sinha
DAnugrah Narayan Sinha
Show Answer
✔ C — Sri Krishna Sinha
Sri Krishna Sinha (1887–1961) — called "Bihar Kesari" (Lion of Bihar) — was Bihar's first Chief Minister. He served as CM from 1946 (under British rule) to 1961 (his death), making him the longest-serving Bihar CM. He was born in Murho village, Saran district. He participated in Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement; was imprisoned multiple times. His deputy was Anugrah Narayan Sinha (Bihar Vibhuti), who served as Deputy CM and Finance Minister. Together they are considered the founding fathers of modern Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* Jayaprakash Narayan refused ministerial positions post-independence — he chose social work and later the Bihar Movement.
*Why B is wrong:* Rajendra Prasad became India's first President — he did not serve as Bihar CM.
*Why D is wrong:* Anugrah Narayan Sinha was Bihar's first Deputy CM and Finance Minister — not the Chief Minister.
*Why A is wrong:* Jayaprakash Narayan refused ministerial positions post-independence — he chose social work and later the Bihar Movement.
*Why B is wrong:* Rajendra Prasad became India's first President — he did not serve as Bihar CM.
*Why D is wrong:* Anugrah Narayan Sinha was Bihar's first Deputy CM and Finance Minister — not the Chief Minister.
Bihar — Freedom Struggle Specific
Q526HardBPSC Prelims
Which Bihar leader assisted Gandhi in conducting the Champaran inquiry of 1917 and later became the first President of India?
AJawaharlal Nehru
BRajendra Prasad
CJayaprakash Narayan
DSri Krishna Sinha
Show Answer
✔ B — Rajendra Prasad
Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963), born at Ziradei, Siwan district, Bihar, assisted Gandhi during the Champaran Satyagraha as a young lawyer. He conducted interviews with indigo cultivators, documented their grievances, and helped prepare the case. Rajendra Prasad went on to: become president of the Indian National Congress (1934 and 1939); preside over the Constituent Assembly (1946–1950); and become India's first President (1950–1962 — serving two terms, the only president to do so). He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously and in 1962 (he died in 1963).
*Why A is wrong:* Nehru was in Allahabad in 1917 — he was not directly involved in the Champaran inquiry, though he later met Gandhi.
*Why C is wrong:* Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) was 15 years old in 1917 — he became a major figure much later (1940s onwards, and especially in 1974 Bihar Movement).
*Why D is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha (Bihar's first Chief Minister) was a freedom fighter but did not assist Gandhi directly in the Champaran inquiry.
*Why A is wrong:* Nehru was in Allahabad in 1917 — he was not directly involved in the Champaran inquiry, though he later met Gandhi.
*Why C is wrong:* Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) was 15 years old in 1917 — he became a major figure much later (1940s onwards, and especially in 1974 Bihar Movement).
*Why D is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha (Bihar's first Chief Minister) was a freedom fighter but did not assist Gandhi directly in the Champaran inquiry.
Bihar — JP Movement
Q527MediumBPSC Prelims
Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) launched a major movement against Indira Gandhi's government in which year, leading to the Emergency (1975)?
A1967
B1970
C1974
D1977
Show Answer
✔ C — 1974
In 1974, Jayaprakash Narayan (JP, born Sitabdiara, Saran district, Bihar) launched the Bihar Movement (Bihar Andolan) against the Indira Gandhi government, beginning with student protests against rising prices, corruption, and unemployment. JP called for "Total Revolution" (Sampoorna Kranti) — political, economic, social, and cultural transformation. The movement spread nationally. On June 25, 1975, Indira Gandhi declared Emergency — JP and thousands were arrested. The Emergency lasted until March 1977. JP is considered one of the greatest post-independence leaders; Bihar considers him its greatest modern hero.
*Why A is wrong:* 1967 saw the first non-Congress governments in some states (Bihar included), but JP's Total Revolution movement was 1974.
*Why B is wrong:* 1970 had no JP movement — he was still in semi-retirement from active politics.
*Why D is wrong:* 1977 was when Emergency ended and the Janata Party won — JP's movement was 1974, which led to the 1975 Emergency.
*Why A is wrong:* 1967 saw the first non-Congress governments in some states (Bihar included), but JP's Total Revolution movement was 1974.
*Why B is wrong:* 1970 had no JP movement — he was still in semi-retirement from active politics.
*Why D is wrong:* 1977 was when Emergency ended and the Janata Party won — JP's movement was 1974, which led to the 1975 Emergency.
Freedom Movement — Birsa Munda
Q530MediumBPSC Prelims
Birsa Munda, who led the "Ulgulan" (Great Tumult) tribal uprising, was from which community?
ASanthal
BHo
CMunda
DGond
Show Answer
✔ C — Munda
Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was from the Munda tribal community of the Chotanagpur Plateau (now Jharkhand, carved from Bihar in 2000). The Ulgulan (1899–1900) was a rebellion against British colonial authority and the diku (outsider) system that dispossessed tribal land. Birsa declared himself a divine messenger ("Dharati Aba" — Father of the Earth), preaching against Christian missionaries and traditional tribal practices he considered harmful. He was arrested in February 1900 and died in Ranchi Jail on June 9, 1900. His birthday (November 15) is now Jharkhand Foundation Day (Jharkhand was created November 15, 2000).
*Why A is wrong:* Santhals are a different tribal community — they led the Santhal Rebellion of 1855-56 (Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu leading).
*Why B is wrong:* Ho is another tribal community of the Chotanagpur region — distinct from Munda.
*Why D is wrong:* Gond is a major tribal community of Central India (MP, Chhattisgarh) — not associated with Birsa.
*Why A is wrong:* Santhals are a different tribal community — they led the Santhal Rebellion of 1855-56 (Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu leading).
*Why B is wrong:* Ho is another tribal community of the Chotanagpur region — distinct from Munda.
*Why D is wrong:* Gond is a major tribal community of Central India (MP, Chhattisgarh) — not associated with Birsa.
Freedom Movement — Santhal Rebellion
Q531MediumBPSC Prelims
The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56), one of the largest tribal uprisings against the British, was led by:
ABirsa Munda
BSidhu and Kanhu Murmu
CTilka Manjhi
DVeer Narayan Singh
Show Answer
✔ B — Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu
The Santhal Hul (Santhal Rebellion, 1855–56) was led by brothers Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu from Bhagnadihi village, Sahibganj (now Jharkhand). They declared independence from British rule, rallying thousands of Santhals against the exploitative mahajans (moneylenders), zamindars, and British officials who had displaced and impoverished them. The British suppressed it with overwhelming military force; Sidhu and Kanhu were killed. It preceded the 1857 revolt and shows the depth of rural resentment against colonial exploitation.
*Why A is wrong:* Birsa Munda led the Munda Ulgulan of 1899–1900 — a later and separate tribal uprising.
*Why C is wrong:* Tilka Manjhi (Jabra Paharia) led an earlier uprising in 1784 — the first recorded tribal revolt against British in the region.
*Why D is wrong:* Veer Narayan Singh was a Chhattisgarh tribal leader who led the 1857 revolt in that region — not the Santhal Rebellion.
*Why A is wrong:* Birsa Munda led the Munda Ulgulan of 1899–1900 — a later and separate tribal uprising.
*Why C is wrong:* Tilka Manjhi (Jabra Paharia) led an earlier uprising in 1784 — the first recorded tribal revolt against British in the region.
*Why D is wrong:* Veer Narayan Singh was a Chhattisgarh tribal leader who led the 1857 revolt in that region — not the Santhal Rebellion.
Freedom Movement — Comprehensive
Q532HardBPSC Prelims
Arrange these events in correct chronological order:
1. Dandi March
2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
3. Formation of Indian National Congress
4. Quit India Movement
A3 → 2 → 1 → 4
B2 → 3 → 1 → 4
C3 → 1 → 2 → 4
D1 → 2 → 3 → 4
Show Answer
✔ A — 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
Correct chronological order:
- Formation of INC: December 28, 1885
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: April 13, 1919
- Dandi March: March 12, 1930
- Quit India Movement: August 9, 1942
So the order is: INC Formation (1885) → Jallianwala Bagh (1919) → Dandi March (1930) → Quit India (1942). This is option A: 3 → 2 → 1 → 4.
*Why B is wrong:* This puts Jallianwala Bagh (1919) before INC formation (1885) — incorrect.
*Why C is wrong:* This puts Dandi March (1930) before Jallianwala Bagh (1919) — incorrect.
*Why D is wrong:* This puts Dandi March first — but it happened in 1930, decades after INC (1885) and Jallianwala Bagh (1919).
- Formation of INC: December 28, 1885
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: April 13, 1919
- Dandi March: March 12, 1930
- Quit India Movement: August 9, 1942
So the order is: INC Formation (1885) → Jallianwala Bagh (1919) → Dandi March (1930) → Quit India (1942). This is option A: 3 → 2 → 1 → 4.
*Why B is wrong:* This puts Jallianwala Bagh (1919) before INC formation (1885) — incorrect.
*Why C is wrong:* This puts Dandi March (1930) before Jallianwala Bagh (1919) — incorrect.
*Why D is wrong:* This puts Dandi March first — but it happened in 1930, decades after INC (1885) and Jallianwala Bagh (1919).
Freedom Movement — Indian Independence Act
Q533MediumBPSC Prelims
The Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed by:
AThe Indian Constituent Assembly
BThe British Parliament
CThe United Nations
DA joint session of both British Parliament and Indian Legislature
Show Answer
✔ B — The British Parliament
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 was passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947. It provided legal authority for: (1) Partition of British India into two independent dominions — India and Pakistan; (2) Transfer of power on August 14 (Pakistan) and August 15 (India), 1947; (3) Abolition of the office of Secretary of State for India; (4) Each dominion to have its own Governor-General; (5) British paramountcy over princely states to lapse (leaving them free to accede). The Act translated the Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) into law.
*Why A is wrong:* The Indian Constituent Assembly was drafting the Indian Constitution — it didn't pass the Indian Independence Act.
*Why C is wrong:* The UN had no role in the Indian Independence Act — it was purely a British Parliamentary action.
*Why D is wrong:* The Indian Legislature was not involved in passing this Act — it was exclusively British Parliament.
*Why A is wrong:* The Indian Constituent Assembly was drafting the Indian Constitution — it didn't pass the Indian Independence Act.
*Why C is wrong:* The UN had no role in the Indian Independence Act — it was purely a British Parliamentary action.
*Why D is wrong:* The Indian Legislature was not involved in passing this Act — it was exclusively British Parliament.
Freedom Movement — Nehru's Speech
Q534EasyBPSC Prelims
Nehru's famous "Tryst with Destiny" speech was delivered on:
AAugust 14, 1947 midnight (transitioning to August 15)
BJanuary 26, 1950
CAugust 15, 1947 morning
DJune 3, 1947
Show Answer
✔ A — August 14, 1947 midnight (transitioning to August 15)
Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the "Tryst with Destiny" speech at midnight on August 14, 1947 (as the clock struck 12, transitioning to August 15, 1947) in the Constituent Assembly Hall, New Delhi. Famous opening: "Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially." The speech was broadcast live on All India Radio. Nehru became India's first Prime Minister; Lord Mountbatten remained Governor-General.
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is Republic Day — the Constitution came into force, but no "Tryst with Destiny" speech was delivered then.
*Why C is wrong:* The speech was at midnight transitioning to August 15, not the morning of August 15.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is when Mountbatten announced the Partition Plan — not related to "Tryst with Destiny."
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is Republic Day — the Constitution came into force, but no "Tryst with Destiny" speech was delivered then.
*Why C is wrong:* The speech was at midnight transitioning to August 15, not the morning of August 15.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is when Mountbatten announced the Partition Plan — not related to "Tryst with Destiny."
Freedom Movement — Independence Summary
Q535HardBPSC Prelims
Which statement about Indian independence is INCORRECT?
ASardar Patel was responsible for integrating the princely states into India
BJinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan
CLord Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of independent India
DThe Radcliffe Line was drawn before Indian independence was announced
Show Answer
✔ D — The Radcliffe Line was drawn before Indian independence was announced
The Radcliffe Line (boundary between India and Pakistan, drawn by Cyril Radcliffe's commission) was officially announced on August 17, 1947 — two days AFTER independence (August 15). This was controversial because the line was drawn before independence in reality (completed by August 9) but deliberately withheld to avoid pre-independence riots. The other three statements are correct: Sardar Patel integrated 562 princely states (Operation Polo for Hyderabad; Junagadh and Kashmir required force/negotiation); Jinnah was Pakistan's first Governor-General; Mountbatten was India's first Governor-General.
*Why A is wrong:* Patel (Iron Man of India) did indeed integrate the princely states — this statement is CORRECT, not incorrect.
*Why B is wrong:* Jinnah did become Pakistan's first Governor-General — this is CORRECT.
*Why C is wrong:* Mountbatten did serve as India's first Governor-General (August 1947 to June 1948; C. Rajagopalachari succeeded him) — CORRECT.
*Why A is wrong:* Patel (Iron Man of India) did indeed integrate the princely states — this statement is CORRECT, not incorrect.
*Why B is wrong:* Jinnah did become Pakistan's first Governor-General — this is CORRECT.
*Why C is wrong:* Mountbatten did serve as India's first Governor-General (August 1947 to June 1948; C. Rajagopalachari succeeded him) — CORRECT.
Freedom Movement — Revolutionary Nationalism
Q536MediumBPSC Prelims
Bhagat Singh threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. What was his stated purpose?
ATo kill British officials
BTo make the deaf hear — create noise so British Parliament would hear India's demands
CTo escape arrest
DTo protest the arrest of Gandhi
Show Answer
✔ B — To make the deaf hear — create noise so British Parliament would hear India's demands
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw (non-lethal, low-intensity) bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly (now Lok Sabha) on April 8, 1929, when the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill were being discussed. Leaflets were thrown: "It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear." They did not flee — they deliberately allowed themselves to be arrested, planning to use the trial as a platform. Bhagat Singh stated: "We did not want to kill anyone. We threw bombs to make the deaf hear." The trial gave him a national platform; his "Why I am an Atheist" essay was written in prison.
*Why A is wrong:* The bombs were deliberately non-lethal — no one was killed, and killing officials was not the stated goal.
*Why C is wrong:* They deliberately surrendered to police rather than fleeing — the opposite of escaping arrest.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi had not been arrested at that time — this was 1929, the Civil Disobedience Movement had not yet begun.
*Why A is wrong:* The bombs were deliberately non-lethal — no one was killed, and killing officials was not the stated goal.
*Why C is wrong:* They deliberately surrendered to police rather than fleeing — the opposite of escaping arrest.
*Why D is wrong:* Gandhi had not been arrested at that time — this was 1929, the Civil Disobedience Movement had not yet begun.
Freedom Movement — Azad Hind Fauj
Q537EasyBPSC Prelims
What does "Azad Hind Fauj" mean in English?
AIndian Republic Army
BIndian National Army (INA) / Free India Army
CIndian Liberation Forces
DIndian Home Guard
Show Answer
✔ B — Indian National Army (INA) / Free India Army
"Azad Hind Fauj" is Hindi/Urdu for "Free India Army" — commonly translated as Indian National Army (INA). "Azad" means Free, "Hind" means India, "Fauj" means Army. It was formed in 1942 from Indian prisoners of war captured by Japan in Malaya and Singapore. General Mohan Singh initially formed it; Subhash Chandra Bose took command in 1943. The INA's motto was "Ittihad, Itmad, Qurbani" (Unity, Faith, Sacrifice). Its marching song was "Kadam Kadam Badhaye Ja" (Step by Step Advance).
*Why A is wrong:* "Indian Republic Army" would be "Gantantra Hind Sena" in Hindi — not the name of this force.
*Why C is wrong:* "Indian Liberation Forces" is not the accurate translation — "Azad" = Free, not Liberation Forces.
*Why D is wrong:* Indian Home Guard is an entirely different organization — a civilian auxiliary force.
*Why A is wrong:* "Indian Republic Army" would be "Gantantra Hind Sena" in Hindi — not the name of this force.
*Why C is wrong:* "Indian Liberation Forces" is not the accurate translation — "Azad" = Free, not Liberation Forces.
*Why D is wrong:* Indian Home Guard is an entirely different organization — a civilian auxiliary force.
Freedom Movement — Salt Satyagraha
Q538HardBPSC Prelims
The Salt March to Dandi (1930) was significant because it:
AWas Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience in India
BDemonstrated that ordinary Indians could defy colonial law over a symbolic daily necessity, making mass civil disobedience practically accessible
CLed directly to the Government of India Act 1935
DWas the first time women participated in a freedom movement
Show Answer
✔ B — Demonstrated that ordinary Indians could defy colonial law over a symbolic daily necessity, making mass civil disobedience practically accessible
The genius of the Salt Satyagraha was its choice of target: salt was a basic necessity used by all Indians regardless of religion, caste, or class. The British salt tax was thus a universal grievance. By defying the salt law, Gandhi showed that civil disobedience could be: (a) simple enough for any Indian to join (just make or buy illicit salt); (b) symbolically powerful — taxing a natural resource; (c) impossible to suppress without mass arrests. The movement spread across India; Sarojini Naidu led the Dharasana Salt Works raid; ~60,000 were arrested. It is considered Gandhi's most brilliant tactical campaign.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi's first Indian Satyagraha was in Champaran (1917) — the Salt March was his third major Satyagraha in India (after Champaran and Kheda).
*Why C is wrong:* The GOI Act 1935 resulted from the Round Table Conferences — not directly from the Salt March.
*Why D is wrong:* Women had participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) — not their first participation in 1930.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi's first Indian Satyagraha was in Champaran (1917) — the Salt March was his third major Satyagraha in India (after Champaran and Kheda).
*Why C is wrong:* The GOI Act 1935 resulted from the Round Table Conferences — not directly from the Salt March.
*Why D is wrong:* Women had participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) — not their first participation in 1930.
Freedom Movement — Role of Women
Q540HardBPSC Prelims
Which Indian woman nationalist led the Dharasana Salt Works raid (1930) after Gandhi's arrest?
AKasturba Gandhi
BSarojini Naidu
CAruna Asaf Ali
DVijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Show Answer
✔ B — Sarojini Naidu
After Gandhi's arrest in May 1930, Sarojini Naidu ("Nightingale of India") led the Dharasana Salt Works raid in Gujarat on May 21, 1930. Thousands of non-violent protesters marched in columns toward the salt depot; British police beat them with steel-tipped lathis as they advanced without resistance. American journalist Webb Miller's eyewitness account was telegraphed worldwide — creating a massive international public opinion shift against British rule. This is considered a turning point in world perception of Indian independence struggle.
*Why A is wrong:* Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife) was active in freedom movements but did not lead the Dharasana raid.
*Why C is wrong:* Aruna Asaf Ali is famous for hoisting the Congress flag at Gowalia Tank during Quit India Movement (1942) — not the 1930 Dharasana raid.
*Why D is wrong:* Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (Nehru's sister) was active in politics but is known for diplomatic roles — not the Dharasana raid.
*Why A is wrong:* Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife) was active in freedom movements but did not lead the Dharasana raid.
*Why C is wrong:* Aruna Asaf Ali is famous for hoisting the Congress flag at Gowalia Tank during Quit India Movement (1942) — not the 1930 Dharasana raid.
*Why D is wrong:* Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (Nehru's sister) was active in politics but is known for diplomatic roles — not the Dharasana raid.
Freedom Movement — Home Rule League
Q541MediumBPSC Prelims
Who established the Indian Home Rule League in 1916?
AGopal Krishna Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji
BBal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant (separate leagues)
CSubhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru
DBipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh
Show Answer
✔ B — Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant (separate leagues)
Two Home Rule Leagues were established in 1916: (1) Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Home Rule League — April 1916, headquartered in Pune, active in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces, and Berar; (2) Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League — September 1916, headquartered in Adyar (Madras), active across India. Inspired by the Irish Home Rule movement, both demanded self-government (Home Rule) for India within the British Empire. Annie Besant was briefly interned by the British in 1917 — which paradoxically increased her popularity and the movement's reach.
*Why A is wrong:* Gokhale (died 1915) and Naoroji were Moderate leaders — not Home Rule League founders.
*Why C is wrong:* Bose and Nehru were younger generation leaders — not Home Rule League founders (Bose was 19, Nehru 26 in 1916).
*Why D is wrong:* Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh were Extremist leaders of the 1905–1908 period — not Home Rule League founders.
*Why A is wrong:* Gokhale (died 1915) and Naoroji were Moderate leaders — not Home Rule League founders.
*Why C is wrong:* Bose and Nehru were younger generation leaders — not Home Rule League founders (Bose was 19, Nehru 26 in 1916).
*Why D is wrong:* Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh were Extremist leaders of the 1905–1908 period — not Home Rule League founders.
Freedom Movement — INC Founding Location
Q542EasyBPSC Prelims
The Indian National Congress was founded at which city?
ACalcutta
BBombay (Mumbai)
CDelhi
DMadras (Chennai)
Show Answer
✔ B — Bombay (Mumbai)
The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay (now Mumbai) on December 28, 1885. The venue was the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College. The first session had 72 delegates. A.O. Hume organized it; Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (a Calcutta lawyer) was the first President. Subsequent sessions were held at different cities: Calcutta (1886), Madras (1887), Allahabad (1888), Bombay (1889), Calcutta (1890), Nagpur (1891)... The Congress rotated its sessions geographically to build all-India identity.
*Why A is wrong:* Calcutta hosted the second INC session (1886) — the founding was in Bombay.
*Why C is wrong:* Delhi hosted sessions much later — the founding was in Bombay.
*Why D is wrong:* Madras hosted the third session (1887) — the founding was in Bombay.
*Why A is wrong:* Calcutta hosted the second INC session (1886) — the founding was in Bombay.
*Why C is wrong:* Delhi hosted sessions much later — the founding was in Bombay.
*Why D is wrong:* Madras hosted the third session (1887) — the founding was in Bombay.
Freedom Movement — Nehru Report
Q543MediumBPSC Prelims
The Nehru Report (1928) was significant because it was:
AThe first Indian-drafted constitutional proposal for India's future
BA British proposal for Indian self-government
CA report on Indian economic conditions submitted to the League of Nations
DGandhi's plan for non-violent independence struggle
Show Answer
✔ A — The first Indian-drafted constitutional proposal for India's future
The Nehru Report (August 1928) was drafted by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru (with Jawaharlal Nehru as secretary). It was created in response to Secretary of State Birkenhead's challenge that Indians could never agree on a constitution. Key proposals: (1) Dominion Status (not Purna Swaraj — Jawaharlal wanted complete independence but was overruled); (2) Joint electorates (replacing separate electorates — which the Muslim League rejected); (3) Fundamental Rights; (4) Responsible government at Centre and provinces. Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed amendments (Delhi Proposals, March 1927) which were rejected — marking his drift toward communal politics.
*Why B is wrong:* It was a Congress-appointed Indian committee, not a British proposal.
*Why C is wrong:* No such League of Nations report was drafted — the Nehru Report was about Indian constitutional future.
*Why D is wrong:* It was a constitutional draft, not a plan for non-violent struggle — Gandhi was not the primary author.
*Why B is wrong:* It was a Congress-appointed Indian committee, not a British proposal.
*Why C is wrong:* No such League of Nations report was drafted — the Nehru Report was about Indian constitutional future.
*Why D is wrong:* It was a constitutional draft, not a plan for non-violent struggle — Gandhi was not the primary author.
Freedom Movement — Congress Sessions Analysis
Q544HardBPSC Prelims
Which Congress session accepted the Non-Cooperation Movement programme for the first time?
ANagpur Session 1920
BCalcutta Special Session September 1920
CAmritsar Session 1919
DLahore Session 1929
Show Answer
✔ B — Calcutta Special Session September 1920
The Non-Cooperation Movement programme was first accepted at the Special Session of Congress at Calcutta in September 1920 (presided by Lala Lajpat Rai). It was then formally adopted and the Congress constitution reorganized at the Nagpur Session in December 1920 (presided by C. Vijayaraghavachariar). Key: Calcutta (September 1920) = first acceptance; Nagpur (December 1920) = formal adoption + constitution reorganization on linguistic lines. Many get confused between the two 1920 sessions.
*Why A is wrong:* The Nagpur Session (December 1920) formally adopted the movement — but the first acceptance was at the Calcutta Special Session (September 1920).
*Why C is wrong:* Amritsar Session 1919 (presided by Motilal Nehru) condemned Jallianwala Bagh but did not launch NCM.
*Why D is wrong:* Lahore Session 1929 adopted Purna Swaraj — not Non-Cooperation Movement.
*Why A is wrong:* The Nagpur Session (December 1920) formally adopted the movement — but the first acceptance was at the Calcutta Special Session (September 1920).
*Why C is wrong:* Amritsar Session 1919 (presided by Motilal Nehru) condemned Jallianwala Bagh but did not launch NCM.
*Why D is wrong:* Lahore Session 1929 adopted Purna Swaraj — not Non-Cooperation Movement.
Freedom Movement — Civil Disobedience Nationwide
Q545MediumBPSC Prelims
During the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–31), which aspect was specifically conducted in Bihar?
ADandi March replica to the sea
BPicketing of liquor shops and salt Satyagraha at Darbhanga
CBurning of foreign cloth only
DStrike by railway workers at Patna Junction
Show Answer
✔ B — Picketing of liquor shops and salt Satyagraha at Darbhanga
During the Civil Disobedience Movement in Bihar, key activities included: (1) Picketing of liquor shops and foreign cloth shops; (2) Salt Satyagraha at various locations including Darbhanga, Patna, and the Bihar coast along the Bay of Bengal (Bihar did not have easy sea access for a Dandi-type march); (3) Hartals and strikes; (4) Non-payment of taxes. Bihar's participation was significant — Rajendra Prasad, Sri Krishna Sinha, and Anugrah Narayan Sinha were among leaders who went to jail. The British arrested over 1,000 Bihari workers of the CDM.
*Why A is wrong:* Bihar is landlocked — a sea march like Dandi was geographically impossible; instead, local salt-making programs were organized.
*Why C is wrong:* Burning of foreign cloth was one component, but the question asks specifically about Bihar — picketing and salt Satyagraha are the documented Bihar-specific activities.
*Why D is wrong:* No specifically documented railway strike at Patna Junction is recorded as the defining Bihar CDM activity.
*Why A is wrong:* Bihar is landlocked — a sea march like Dandi was geographically impossible; instead, local salt-making programs were organized.
*Why C is wrong:* Burning of foreign cloth was one component, but the question asks specifically about Bihar — picketing and salt Satyagraha are the documented Bihar-specific activities.
*Why D is wrong:* No specifically documented railway strike at Patna Junction is recorded as the defining Bihar CDM activity.
Freedom Movement — Quit India in Bihar
Q546MediumBPSC Prelims
During the Quit India Movement (1942), what was the famous student protest at Gandhi Maidan, Patna?
AStudents burned the Provincial Government building
BStudents unfurled the Congress tricolour at the Secretariat; many were shot by police
CStudents organized a silent march that was dispersed peacefully
DStudents submitted a memorandum to the Governor
Show Answer
✔ B — Students unfurled the Congress tricolour at the Secretariat; many were shot by police
On August 11, 1942 (two days after Quit India launched on August 9), a huge group of students and youth from Patna gathered at Gandhi Maidan and then marched to hoist the Congress flag on the Bihar Secretariat building. Police opened fire on the marchers. Several young men — including Umakant Prasad Singh, Rajendra Prasad Singh, and others — died trying to hoist the flag on the Secretariat building. These martyrs are commemorated at the Seven Martyrs statue near the Patna Secretariat, which remains a powerful symbol of Bihar's sacrifice in the Quit India Movement.
*Why A is wrong:* The Bihar Secretariat was not burned — students tried to hoist the flag on it.
*Why C is wrong:* The police firing was not peaceful dispersal — students were killed.
*Why D is wrong:* Submitting a memorandum is the opposite of what occurred — students took direct action and were fired upon.
*Why A is wrong:* The Bihar Secretariat was not burned — students tried to hoist the flag on it.
*Why C is wrong:* The police firing was not peaceful dispersal — students were killed.
*Why D is wrong:* Submitting a memorandum is the opposite of what occurred — students took direct action and were fired upon.
Freedom Movement — Bihar Women Leaders
Q547HardBPSC Prelims
Which Bihar woman played a significant role in the Non-Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement and is known as "Bihar Ki Bulbul"?
ARajkumari Amrit Kaur
BRameshwari Nehru
CKishori Prasad Singh
DLakshmi Devi (associated with Bihar's freedom struggle)
Show Answer
✔ D — Lakshmi Devi (associated with Bihar's freedom struggle)
While the exact "Bihar Ki Bulbul" designation can vary by source, women leaders of Bihar's freedom struggle include: Rajbanshi Devi, who organized women's participation in NCM; Prabhavati Devi (wife of Jayaprakash Narayan), who actively participated in the Quit India Movement; and various local women leaders. Bihar's freedom movement had significant women's participation, especially in picketing liquor shops and organizing hartals. The question tests awareness of women's roles in Bihar's freedom struggle, which is an emerging area of BPSC questions focused on gender and regional history.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was a Punjab-born Christian woman leader, not specifically Bihar's.
*Why B is wrong:* Rameshwari Nehru was active in social work and Hindu-Muslim unity — not specifically Bihar's regional leader.
*Why C is wrong:* This is not a historically documented Bihar women freedom fighter by this name.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was a Punjab-born Christian woman leader, not specifically Bihar's.
*Why B is wrong:* Rameshwari Nehru was active in social work and Hindu-Muslim unity — not specifically Bihar's regional leader.
*Why C is wrong:* This is not a historically documented Bihar women freedom fighter by this name.
Freedom Movement — Karpoori Thakur
Q548MediumBPSC Prelims
Which Bihar CM, later awarded the Bharat Ratna (2024), was known for his contributions to social justice and is associated with the Bihar freedom struggle?
ASri Krishna Sinha
BKarpoori Thakur
CLaloo Prasad Yadav
DNitish Kumar
Show Answer
✔ B — Karpoori Thakur
Karpoori Thakur (1924–1988), born in Pitaunjhia village, Samastipur district, Bihar, participated in the Quit India Movement (1942) — he was arrested and spent time in jail at age 18. He later became Bihar's Chief Minister twice (1970–71 and 1977–79). He is famous for implementing OBC reservations in Bihar government jobs, which became a model for later national OBC policies. He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024, becoming the first Bihar leader to receive this honor. He is called "Jan Nayak" (People's Leader).
*Why A is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha was Bihar's first CM and a freedom fighter, but did not receive the Bharat Ratna.
*Why C is wrong:* Laloo Prasad Yadav is a contemporary politician — not a freedom struggle participant (born 1948, after independence).
*Why D is wrong:* Nitish Kumar (born 1951) is a current politician — not a freedom struggle participant.
*Why A is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha was Bihar's first CM and a freedom fighter, but did not receive the Bharat Ratna.
*Why C is wrong:* Laloo Prasad Yadav is a contemporary politician — not a freedom struggle participant (born 1948, after independence).
*Why D is wrong:* Nitish Kumar (born 1951) is a current politician — not a freedom struggle participant.
Freedom Movement — Jayaprakash Narayan
Q549EasyBPSC Prelims
Jayaprakash Narayan is associated with the concept of "Total Revolution" (Sampoorna Kranti). He was born in:
APatna district
BSaran district (Sitabdiara)
CMuzaffarpur district
DBhagalpur district
Show Answer
✔ B — Saran district (Sitabdiara)
Jayaprakash Narayan (1902–1979) was born at Sitabdiara village, Saran district, Bihar. He studied in the USA where he became a Marxist; returned to India and joined the freedom struggle under Gandhi. He was imprisoned in the Hazaribagh jail during Quit India (1942) — from which he dramatically escaped — and continued underground resistance. Post-independence, he left politics for social work (Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement). He returned to lead the Bihar Movement (1974) calling for "Total Revolution." He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1999 (posthumously). November 23 (his and Karpoori Thakur's birthdays) is significant in Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* JP was from Saran district (Sitabdiara village), not Patna district.
*Why C is wrong:* Muzaffarpur is a different North Bihar district — not JP's birthplace.
*Why D is wrong:* Bhagalpur is in East Bihar — JP's birthplace is Sitabdiara, Saran in West/North Bihar.
*Why A is wrong:* JP was from Saran district (Sitabdiara village), not Patna district.
*Why C is wrong:* Muzaffarpur is a different North Bihar district — not JP's birthplace.
*Why D is wrong:* Bhagalpur is in East Bihar — JP's birthplace is Sitabdiara, Saran in West/North Bihar.
Freedom Movement — Indigo Revolt
Q550HardBPSC Prelims
Before Champaran (1917), an earlier indigo revolt had taken place in Bengal in 1859–60. This "Neel Darpan" (Indigo Mirror) revolt was documented in a play written by:
ARabindranath Tagore
BDinabandhu Mitra
CBankimchandra Chattopadhyay
DMichael Madhusudan Dutt
Show Answer
✔ B — Dinabandhu Mitra
"Neel Darpan" (Mirror of Indigo) was a Bengali play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858–59, first published in 1860. It depicted the brutal exploitation of indigo farmers by British planters in Bengal. The play was translated into English by Michael Madhusudan Dutt and published by missionary James Long — who was then prosecuted for defaming the planters. The Indigo revolt (Neel Bidroha, 1859–60) in Bengal preceded Champaran by 57 years, showing that indigo exploitation was a long-standing colonial injustice.
*Why A is wrong:* Rabindranath Tagore did write about agrarian suffering but not "Neel Darpan" — that was Dinabandhu Mitra.
*Why C is wrong:* Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay wrote "Anandamath" (1882, containing "Vande Mataram") — not Neel Darpan.
*Why D is wrong:* Michael Madhusudan Dutt TRANSLATED "Neel Darpan" into English — the original was written by Dinabandhu Mitra.
*Why A is wrong:* Rabindranath Tagore did write about agrarian suffering but not "Neel Darpan" — that was Dinabandhu Mitra.
*Why C is wrong:* Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay wrote "Anandamath" (1882, containing "Vande Mataram") — not Neel Darpan.
*Why D is wrong:* Michael Madhusudan Dutt TRANSLATED "Neel Darpan" into English — the original was written by Dinabandhu Mitra.
Freedom Movement — Freedom Fighters of Bihar
Q551MediumBPSC Prelims
Who is known as "Bihar Vibhuti" (Jewel of Bihar) and served as Bihar's first Finance Minister and Deputy Chief Minister?
ARajendra Prasad
BSri Krishna Sinha
CAnugrah Narayan Sinha
DJagannath Mishra
Show Answer
✔ C — Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Anugrah Narayan Sinha (1887–1957) — "Bihar Vibhuti" (Jewel of Bihar) — was born in Obra village, Aurangabad district. He participated in Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, spending years in jail. After independence, he became Bihar's first Finance Minister and Deputy Chief Minister under CM Sri Krishna Sinha. He was known for his commitment to social welfare — especially for the poor and backward communities. The Anugrah Narayan Sinha Institute of Social Studies (ANSISS) in Patna is named after him. He died in office in 1957.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajendra Prasad is "Bihar Ratna" and India's first President — "Bihar Vibhuti" is Anugrah Narayan Sinha.
*Why B is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha is "Bihar Kesari" (Lion of Bihar) — not Bihar Vibhuti.
*Why D is wrong:* Jagannath Mishra was a later CM (1980s) — not a freedom movement leader with this designation.
*Why A is wrong:* Rajendra Prasad is "Bihar Ratna" and India's first President — "Bihar Vibhuti" is Anugrah Narayan Sinha.
*Why B is wrong:* Sri Krishna Sinha is "Bihar Kesari" (Lion of Bihar) — not Bihar Vibhuti.
*Why D is wrong:* Jagannath Mishra was a later CM (1980s) — not a freedom movement leader with this designation.
Freedom Movement — Congress Ministries
Q552MediumBPSC Prelims
After the 1937 provincial elections under the GOI Act 1935, Congress formed ministries in how many provinces?
A5 provinces
B7 provinces
C9 provinces
D11 provinces
Show Answer
✔ D — 11 provinces
The 1937 provincial elections (the first under GOI Act 1935 provincial autonomy) resulted in Congress winning majorities in 6 provinces and forming governments in 11 out of 11 British Indian provinces (after some initial hesitation about accepting office). Congress won outright in: Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, Central Provinces, Orissa. It formed coalitions or minority governments in: Assam, NWFP, and others. The Muslim League failed to win majorities even in Muslim-majority areas — triggering Jinnah's realization that the League needed a different strategy. Congress resigned from ministries in October/November 1939 when WWII was declared without consulting India.
*Why A is wrong:* 5 provinces would be an undercount — Congress formed government in 11 provinces.
*Why B is wrong:* 7 would be the outright majority count — but Congress formed government (including coalitions) in 11.
*Why C is wrong:* 9 is incorrect — the figure is 11 (all British Indian provinces, not counting princely states).
*Why A is wrong:* 5 provinces would be an undercount — Congress formed government in 11 provinces.
*Why B is wrong:* 7 would be the outright majority count — but Congress formed government (including coalitions) in 11.
*Why C is wrong:* 9 is incorrect — the figure is 11 (all British Indian provinces, not counting princely states).
Freedom Movement — Indian Constituent Assembly
Q553EasyBPSC Prelims
The Indian Constituent Assembly first met on which date?
AAugust 15, 1947
BJanuary 26, 1950
CDecember 9, 1946
DJune 3, 1947
Show Answer
✔ C — December 9, 1946
The Constituent Assembly of India first met on December 9, 1946, in the Constitution Hall (now Central Hall of Parliament). It was constituted following the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946). First session: Dr. Sachidananda Sinha presided as temporary President. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected permanent President on December 11, 1946. The Assembly met for 166 days over nearly 3 years, finally adopting the Constitution on November 26, 1949. The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950 (Republic Day).
*Why A is wrong:* August 15, 1947 is Independence Day — the Constituent Assembly had already been meeting since December 1946.
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is when the Constitution came into force — the Assembly had been meeting for over 3 years.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is the Mountbatten Plan announcement — not the Constituent Assembly's first meeting.
*Why A is wrong:* August 15, 1947 is Independence Day — the Constituent Assembly had already been meeting since December 1946.
*Why B is wrong:* January 26, 1950 is when the Constitution came into force — the Assembly had been meeting for over 3 years.
*Why D is wrong:* June 3, 1947 is the Mountbatten Plan announcement — not the Constituent Assembly's first meeting.
Freedom Movement — Partition Impact on Bihar
Q554HardBPSC Prelims
The partition of India in 1947 directly affected Bihar primarily through:
ABihar losing territory to East Pakistan
BMass influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) who were settled in Bihar
CDivision of Bihar's Ganga river basin between India and Pakistan
DLoss of the port city of Calcutta to a separate entity
Show Answer
✔ B — Mass influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) who were settled in Bihar
While Bihar did not directly lose territory to Pakistan (unlike Punjab and Bengal), it was significantly affected by the partition's aftermath: (1) Massive influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who settled in Bihar, particularly in districts bordering Bengal; (2) Communal riots — Bihar's October-November 1946 communal violence (before partition) and post-partition tensions; (3) Economic disruption — Bihar was economically connected to Calcutta (in West Bengal), which remained in India but was now cut off from its eastern hinterland. Calcutta remained in India and was not divided.
*Why A is wrong:* Bihar did not border Pakistan — it borders Nepal and states that remained in India. No Bihar territory went to Pakistan.
*Why C is wrong:* The Ganga flows entirely through India — it was not divided between India and Pakistan.
*Why D is wrong:* Calcutta (Kolkata) remained in India (West Bengal) — it was not lost to Pakistan or made a separate entity.
*Why A is wrong:* Bihar did not border Pakistan — it borders Nepal and states that remained in India. No Bihar territory went to Pakistan.
*Why C is wrong:* The Ganga flows entirely through India — it was not divided between India and Pakistan.
*Why D is wrong:* Calcutta (Kolkata) remained in India (West Bengal) — it was not lost to Pakistan or made a separate entity.
Freedom Movement — Anti-British Tribal Movements
Q555MediumBPSC Prelims
The "Tana Bhagat Movement" (circa 1914–1915) was a tribal movement in Bihar/Jharkhand area that combined:
AArmed resistance against British military
BSpiritual reform and passive resistance among Oraon tribals
CAgricultural strike by Santhal cultivators
DEducational reform for Munda community
Show Answer
✔ B — Spiritual reform and passive resistance among Oraon tribals
The Tana Bhagat Movement (1914–1915) was led by Jatra Oraon among the Oraon tribal community of Chotanagpur (present-day Jharkhand, carved from Bihar). It was primarily a spiritual-religious reform movement with Gandhian overtones (though it preceded Gandhi's influence in India): rejection of cow slaughter, vegetarianism, abstinence from alcohol, passive resistance to British authority, refusal to pay taxes. Tana Bhagats (purified believers) rejected forest taxes and labor obligations. This movement connected with the national freedom movement — many Tana Bhagats participated in Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement later.
*Why A is wrong:* The Tana Bhagat Movement was explicitly non-violent — passive resistance, not armed revolt.
*Why C is wrong:* Santhals and Oraons are distinct communities — the Tana Bhagat was an Oraon movement, not Santhal.
*Why D is wrong:* It was not an educational reform movement — it was spiritual-religious reform combined with anti-colonial passive resistance.
*Why A is wrong:* The Tana Bhagat Movement was explicitly non-violent — passive resistance, not armed revolt.
*Why C is wrong:* Santhals and Oraons are distinct communities — the Tana Bhagat was an Oraon movement, not Santhal.
*Why D is wrong:* It was not an educational reform movement — it was spiritual-religious reform combined with anti-colonial passive resistance.
Freedom Movement — Vande Mataram
Q556EasyBPSC Prelims
"Vande Mataram" — the national song — was composed by:
ARabindranath Tagore
BBankimchandra Chattopadhyay
CSubramania Bharati
DSarojini Naidu
Show Answer
✔ B — Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay
"Vande Mataram" (Bow to the Mother) was composed by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay (Bankim Chandra Chatterjee) and included in his 1882 Bengali novel "Anandamath." The song personifies India as the goddess Durga. It became the battle cry of the Swadeshi Movement (1905). The Congress session of 1896 (Calcutta) first sang it; Rabindranath Tagore set it to music. After independence, the Constituent Assembly adopted only the first two stanzas as the National Song (not National Anthem) on January 24, 1950. "Jana Gana Mana" (also by Tagore) became the National Anthem.
*Why A is wrong:* Tagore composed "Jana Gana Mana" (National Anthem) and set Vande Mataram to music — he did not write the lyrics.
*Why C is wrong:* Subramania Bharati was a Tamil poet who wrote patriotic songs in Tamil — not Vande Mataram.
*Why D is wrong:* Sarojini Naidu wrote poetry in English — not Vande Mataram.
*Why A is wrong:* Tagore composed "Jana Gana Mana" (National Anthem) and set Vande Mataram to music — he did not write the lyrics.
*Why C is wrong:* Subramania Bharati was a Tamil poet who wrote patriotic songs in Tamil — not Vande Mataram.
*Why D is wrong:* Sarojini Naidu wrote poetry in English — not Vande Mataram.
Freedom Movement — Jallianwala Bagh Response
Q557MediumBPSC Prelims
Who returned his knighthood to protest the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919?
AMahatma Gandhi
BMuhammad Ali Jinnah
CRabindranath Tagore
DGopal Krishna Gokhale
Show Answer
✔ C — Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood (conferred in 1915) to the British Crown in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) and British reprisals in Punjab. His letter to the Viceroy stated: "The time has come when badges of honor make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who for their so-called insignificance are liable to suffer a degradation not fit for human beings."
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) — not in 1919 specifically as a Jallianwala Bagh response.
*Why B is wrong:* Jinnah condemned Jallianwala Bagh but did not hold a knighthood to return.
*Why D is wrong:* Gokhale had died in 1915 — before the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919.
*Why A is wrong:* Gandhi returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) — not in 1919 specifically as a Jallianwala Bagh response.
*Why B is wrong:* Jinnah condemned Jallianwala Bagh but did not hold a knighthood to return.
*Why D is wrong:* Gokhale had died in 1915 — before the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919.
Freedom Movement — Newspaper and Press
Q558HardBPSC Prelims
Which newspaper, founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, became a powerful platform for the extremist freedom struggle?
AThe Hindu
BKesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English)
CBengal Gazette
DAmrit Bazar Patrika
Show Answer
✔ B — Kesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English)
Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded two newspapers in Pune: (1) Kesari (meaning Lion) in Marathi — January 4, 1881; (2) The Mahratta in English — January 2, 1881. Both became powerful vehicles for nationalist sentiment, criticism of British policies, and promotion of Hindu revivalism (Ganesh festival, Shivaji festival). Tilak was tried for sedition for articles in Kesari — convicted in 1897 (6 months) and again in 1908 (6 years, Mandalay Jail Burma). "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it" was printed in Kesari.
*Why A is wrong:* The Hindu (founded 1878) was a Madras-based moderate nationalist paper — not Tilak's paper.
*Why C is wrong:* Bengal Gazette (1780) was India's first newspaper by James Augustus Hicky — 100 years before Tilak.
*Why D is wrong:* Amrit Bazar Patrika was a prominent nationalist paper from Bengal — not Tilak's Pune-based publication.
*Why A is wrong:* The Hindu (founded 1878) was a Madras-based moderate nationalist paper — not Tilak's paper.
*Why C is wrong:* Bengal Gazette (1780) was India's first newspaper by James Augustus Hicky — 100 years before Tilak.
*Why D is wrong:* Amrit Bazar Patrika was a prominent nationalist paper from Bengal — not Tilak's Pune-based publication.
Freedom Movement — INA Medal
Q559MediumBPSC Prelims
Subhash Chandra Bose gave a famous slogan to INA soldiers. Which of the following is correctly attributed to him?
A"Jai Hind" and "Give me blood, I will give you freedom"
B"Swaraj is my birthright"
C"Do or Die"
D"Inquilab Zindabad"
Show Answer
✔ A — "Jai Hind" and "Give me blood, I will give you freedom"
Subhash Chandra Bose's famous slogans include: (1) "Jai Hind" (Victory to India) — the national salutation he popularized, adopted as India's greeting; (2) "Tum mujhe khoon do, mein tumhe azaadi dunga" (Give me blood, I will give you freedom) — rousing call to INA soldiers; (3) "Delhi Chalo" (Onward to Delhi) — the INA's war cry. "Jai Hind" remains India's official salutation (used at the end of all presidential/PM speeches). "Inquilab Zindabad" was Bhagat Singh's slogan. "Do or Die" was Gandhi's (August 8, 1942). "Swaraj is my birthright" was Tilak's.
*Why B is wrong:* "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it" was Bal Gangadhar Tilak's famous declaration — not Bose's.
*Why C is wrong:* "Do or Die" (Karo ya Maro) was Gandhi's slogan at Gowalia Tank Maidan, August 8, 1942.
*Why D is wrong:* "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution) was popularized by Bhagat Singh — not Bose.
*Why B is wrong:* "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it" was Bal Gangadhar Tilak's famous declaration — not Bose's.
*Why C is wrong:* "Do or Die" (Karo ya Maro) was Gandhi's slogan at Gowalia Tank Maidan, August 8, 1942.
*Why D is wrong:* "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution) was popularized by Bhagat Singh — not Bose.
Freedom Movement — Comprehensive Analysis
Q560HardBPSC Prelims
Which of the following statements about the Indian freedom movement is INCORRECT?
AThe INC was initially a moderate organization that used petitions and press
BThe partition of Bengal 1905 was permanently reversed at the Delhi Durbar 1911
CGandhi launched the first Non-Cooperation Movement in South Africa, not India
DThe Simon Commission had both Indian and British members
Show Answer
✔ D — The Simon Commission had both Indian and British members
The Simon Commission (1927) had NO Indian members — all seven members were British MPs (appointed by Conservative government). This is precisely why it was boycotted with "Simon Go Back" protests. The other three statements are correct: (A) The INC was moderate until the Surat Split 1907 — petitions, press, and moderate demands characterized the 1885–1905 period. (B) Partition of Bengal was annulled at the Delhi Durbar of December 12, 1911 (when George V visited India). (C) Gandhi's Satyagraha experiments began in South Africa (Natal Indian Congress, 1894; South African passive resistance 1906-1914) — his first Indian Satyagraha was Champaran 1917.
*Why A is wrong:* This is CORRECT — INC was moderate until 1907 (petitions, press, constitutional means).
*Why B is wrong:* This is CORRECT — Bengal partition was annulled at the Delhi Durbar 1911.
*Why C is wrong:* This is CORRECT — Gandhi's first Satyagraha was in South Africa (he led resistance against the Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act 1906).
*Why A is wrong:* This is CORRECT — INC was moderate until 1907 (petitions, press, constitutional means).
*Why B is wrong:* This is CORRECT — Bengal partition was annulled at the Delhi Durbar 1911.
*Why C is wrong:* This is CORRECT — Gandhi's first Satyagraha was in South Africa (he led resistance against the Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act 1906).