Class 7 Social Science Notes

The Himalayas, northern plains, Thar desert, peninsular plateau, coasts and islands of India.

Weather and its elements — temperature, pressure, humidity, wind and rainfall — and how they are measured.

Weather versus climate, factors affecting climate, seasons, the monsoon and climate change.

The Vedic age, janapadas and mahajanapadas, second urbanisation and early forms of government.

Magadha, the Nanda and Maurya empires, Chanakya and the Arthashastra, and Ashoka’s dhamma.

Kingdoms after the Mauryas — Shungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas, the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas — and trade.

Gupta rulers and administration and achievements in literature, science, art and architecture.

Sacred geography — rivers, mountains, forests and pilgrimage networks that bind India together.

Monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship, oligarchy and democracy, and their features.

Making of the Constitution, the Constituent Assembly, the Preamble and the core values of our Constitution.

Problems of barter, the evolution of money from coins to digital payments, and functions of money.

Types of markets, buyers and sellers, demand, supply and prices, and the role of markets in daily life.

The long history of farming in India, crops and seasons, farming practices and challenges today.

India’s neighbouring countries, shared geography and history, and cultural and economic ties.

Major kingdoms of north and south India between the 6th and 10th centuries and their contributions.

Kingdoms, invasions and changes across India in the 11th and 12th centuries.

Communities, faiths and peoples who made India their home, and India’s tradition of acceptance.

What the state is, how government works at different levels, and the citizen’s role.

Transport, energy, communication and social infrastructure and their role in development.

What banks do, deposits and loans, interest, the Reserve Bank of India and financial inclusion.