Class 8 Social Science Notes

Types of resources, land, water, forests, minerals and energy, and their wise and sustainable use.

The Delhi Sultanate, the Vijayanagara empire, the Mughals and resistance to them.

Shivaji and the Maratha state, administration, the Peshwas and the expansion of Maratha power.

European trading companies, the rise of British power, colonial economic policies and their impact.

The right to vote for all adults, the Election Commission and how elections are held in India.

Parliament — Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha — law-making, the President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.

Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship, and how they combine to produce goods and services.

Major world regions, their landforms, climate, natural vegetation and how people live there.

Early resistance, the 1857 revolt, the national movement and the path to freedom in 1947.

Indian architecture through the ages — stupas, rock-cut caves, temples, forts, mosques and modern buildings.

Structure of courts, independence of the judiciary, judicial review and access to justice.

Who is a citizen, Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties, and responsible citizenship.

Population size, distribution, density, growth, composition and population as a resource.

Growth of towns and cities, urbanisation, urban problems and planning for better cities.

Bhakti and Sufi traditions, literature, art, music and architecture between the 13th and 17th centuries.