December 2025 Current Affairs

PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), launched 28 August 2014, is the world's largest financial inclusion programme. It ensures every household has access to banking, remittance, credit, insurance, and pension services through zero-balance accounts.

National Consumer Day is observed on 24 December each year, marking the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986. The Consumer Protection Act 2019 replaced the 1986 Act and established the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA).

Good Governance Day (Sushasan Diwas) is observed on 25 December each year to mark the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (born 25 December 1924). It aims to promote awareness of accountability and transparency in governance.

National Mathematics Day is observed on 22 December each year to celebrate the birth anniversary of legendary mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (born 22 December 1887). The day was declared by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2012.

Vijay Diwas is celebrated on 16 December each year to commemorate India's victory in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. On this date in 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka, leading to the liberation of Bangladesh and the creation of an independent nation.

Kisan Diwas (National Farmers' Day) is observed on 23 December each year to mark the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh (born 23 December 1902), who championed the cause of Indian farmers.

World AIDS Day is observed on 1 December each year, established by the World Health Organization in 1988. It is dedicated to raising awareness about HIV/AIDS, mourning those who have died, and celebrating advances in HIV prevention and treatment.

International Day of Persons with Disabilities is observed on 3 December each year, proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 1992. It promotes the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities in all spheres of society.

Human Rights Day is observed on 10 December each year to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948. The UDHR contains 30 articles proclaiming fundamental rights.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented on 1 July 2017, replacing a complex system of central and state indirect taxes. The GST Council, chaired by the Union Finance Minister, meets periodically to revise rates and resolve implementation issues.

India has progressively liberalised its FDI policy. The automatic route allows 100% FDI in most sectors without prior government approval. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) oversees FDI policy.

The Reserve Bank of India follows a flexible inflation targeting framework since 2016, with the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) tasked to maintain CPI inflation at 4% (±2%). The MPC has 6 members — 3 from RBI and 3 external members appointed by the government.

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 provides a time-bound process for resolving insolvency in companies and among individuals. The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is the adjudicating authority for corporate insolvency.

SEBI was established as a statutory body in 1992 under the SEBI Act. It regulates the securities market in India to protect investor interests and promote orderly development. SEBI has regulatory authority over stock exchanges, mutual funds, and listed companies.

RBI mandates that scheduled commercial banks direct a specified percentage of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) to priority sectors. These include agriculture, MSME, housing, education, and social infrastructure.

National Pollution Control Day is observed on 2 December each year to commemorate the victims of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy that occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984. Methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the Union Carbide plant, killing thousands.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), founded in 1969 and headquartered in Bengaluru, continues to advance India's space capabilities. Key missions include Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Aditya-L1, and PSLV/GSLV launch vehicles.

5G services were launched in India in October 2022 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at India Mobile Congress. The technology offers high-speed connectivity, ultra-low latency, and massive device connectivity to support Industry 4.0 applications.

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in 2010 under the NGT Act for effective and expeditious disposal of environmental cases. It has original jurisdiction over matters related to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and enforcement of environmental laws.

The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016 established the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (National CAMPA). Funds collected for diversion of forest land are used for afforestation and forest management.

India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971). Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites) in India have grown steadily. Wetlands provide ecosystem services including flood control, water purification, and carbon sequestration.

Indian Navy Day is observed on 4 December each year to commemorate Operation Trident during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. On this night, the Indian Navy conducted a successful missile attack on Karachi harbour, sinking Pakistani vessels.

India is working towards establishing Integrated Theatre Commands to achieve synergy among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) was created in January 2020 to coordinate the three services and drive military reforms.

The Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 replaced the earlier DPP 2016. It introduced "Atmanirbhar Bharat" provisions, prioritising indigenous procurement. The Positive Indigenisation Lists restrict import of specified defence items.

The ICC Men's Cricket World Cup is the premier international One Day International (ODI) cricket tournament organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). India has won the World Cup twice: in 1983 (under Kapil Dev) and in 2011 (under MS Dhoni).

Khelo India Programme was launched by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to revive sports culture at grassroots level. It provides financial support to talented athletes and funds development of sports infrastructure across the country.

National Sports Awards are conferred annually by the President of India on National Sports Day (29 August). The awards recognise outstanding sportspersons and coaches. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna is the highest sporting honour.

The Sahitya Akademi (National Academy of Letters) presents annual awards for the most outstanding books of literary merit published in each of the 24 languages recognised by it. The Akademi was founded in 1954 and is headquartered in New Delhi.

Padma Awards (Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri) are civilian honours announced annually on Republic Day (26 January). Instituted in 1954, they recognise exceptional service to the nation in various fields.

India has 42 UNESCO World Heritage Sites as of 2023 — 34 cultural, 7 natural, and 1 mixed. The latest addition was Hoysala temples of Karnataka (2023). The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) manages cultural heritage sites.

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a permanent constitutional body responsible for administering Union and State election processes. Established in January 1950, the ECI ensures free and fair elections through the Model Code of Conduct.

The Right to Information Act 2005 empowers Indian citizens to request information from public authorities within 30 days. The Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions hear appeals and complaints.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) was launched in February 2019 to provide income support of ₹6,000 per year (in three equal instalments of ₹2,000) directly to landholding farmers through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).

e-NAM (Electronic National Agriculture Market) is a pan-India online trading portal linking existing APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. Launched in April 2016, it promotes price discovery and transparency.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in January 2016, provides comprehensive crop insurance coverage against all non-preventable natural risks. It replaced NAIS and MNAIS and significantly lowered farmer premium contribution.

World AIDS Day on 1 December focuses global attention on HIV prevention and treatment. India has one of the largest HIV programmes in the world, managed through the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) under the Ministry of Health.

National Health Mission (NHM), launched in 2013, subsumed the earlier National Rural Health Mission (NRHM, 2005) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM, 2013). NHM aims to attain universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality health care.

World Disability Day (3 December) draws attention to disability rights and inclusion. India's Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 mandates 5% reservation in government jobs and 5% in higher education institutions for persons with benchmark disabilities.