November 2025 Current Affairs
Important current affairs for UPSC, SSC, BPSC, Railway and other competitive exams
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Topic-wise Current Affairs
november 2025 — 13 Categories
Government Schemes
3 itemsMGNREGS: Rural Employment Guarantee
highMahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), enacted under the MGNREGA 2005, guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work per year to every rural household. Wages are paid within 15 days of work completion; delay attracts compensation. MGNREGS is demand-driven — the government must provide work within 15 days of application or pay an unemployment allowance. Works include water conservation, roads, rural connectivity, land development, and Ajeevika (livelihood) activities.
Exam Tip: MGNREGS: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Act: MGNREGA 2005 (enacted Sep 5, 2005). Guarantee: 100 days/year/household. Wage: state-specific (linked to CPI-AL, minimum ₹267/day as of 2024-25). 15-day work: must be provided within 15 days or unemployment allowance (1/4 to 1/2 of wage). Women: minimum 33% of workers (often 50%+ in practice). Ombudsman: MGNREGS Ombudsman at district level. Under MoRD (Ministry of Rural Development).
Jal Jeevan Mission: Har Ghar Jal
highJal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched August 15, 2019, aims to provide tap water connections (Functional Household Tap Connections — FHTCs) to all rural households by 2024. Target: 19.27 crore rural households. As of August 2025, over 14 crore households have been provided tap water. The mission has a budget of ₹3.60 lakh crore (Centre + State share). Har Ghar Jal (tap water to every home) is the goal. JJM also covers school/Anganwadi water supply.
Exam Tip: JJM: launched August 15, 2019. Goal: FHTC (Functional Household Tap Connection) to all 19.27 crore rural households. Budget: ₹3.60 lakh crore. Centre:State ratio: 90:10 (NE, Himalayan states), 50:50 (others). Har Ghar Jal: every household to have piped water. Under Jal Shakti Ministry. JJM-Urban (launched June 2021): piped water in all 4,378 urban local bodies. AMRUT 2.0: urban water/sewerage connectivity.
PM SVANidhi: Street Vendor Support
mediumPradhan Mantri SVANidhi (PM Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi), launched June 1, 2020, provides working capital loans to street vendors to restart livelihoods affected by COVID-19 lockdowns. First loan: ₹10,000 (repaid within 1 year). On repayment, vendors graduate to ₹20,000 (2nd loan) and ₹50,000 (3rd loan). Vendors using digital transactions earn a cashback incentive of ₹1,200/year. Approximately 50 lakh street vendors are targeted.
Exam Tip: PM SVANidhi: launched June 1, 2020. Under MoHUA (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs). Loan tiers: ₹10,000 → ₹20,000 → ₹50,000. Interest subvention: 7%. Collateral-free. Digital cashback: up to ₹1,200/year for digital transactions. Target: 50 lakh street vendors. SVANidhi se Samridhi: additional welfare benefits (PM-JAY, PM-KISAN, etc.) for vendors. Street vendors regulated: Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014.
National Affairs
3 itemsNational Education Day — November 11: Maulana Azad
highNational Education Day is observed on November 11 every year — the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888–1958), independent India's first Education Minister (1947–1958). He established IIT Kharagpur (1951), IIM (1951), UGC (1956), AIU, and NCERT. He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1992 (posthumous). As Education Minister, he championed free universal education and worked for female education. The National Education Day celebrates his contributions to Indian education.
Exam Tip: National Education Day: November 11. Maulana Azad: born Nov 11, 1888 (Mecca). India's 1st Education Minister (1947-58). Established: IIT Kharagpur (first IIT, 1951), IIM (1951), UGC (1956), NCERT, AIU (Association of Indian Universities). Bharat Ratna: 1992 (posthumous). Also: Indian journalist, writer, freedom fighter (non-cooperation, Quit India). NEP 2020: New Education Policy (replaces NPE 1986) under Ministry of Education (earlier HRD Ministry).
Children's Day — November 14: Jawaharlal Nehru
highChildren's Day (Bal Diwas) is observed on November 14 every year — the birth anniversary of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), India's first Prime Minister. Nehru was fondly called Chacha Nehru by children and championed children's rights and education. Children's Day replaced the earlier Universal Children's Day observance (November 20) in India after Nehru's death in 1964. World Children's Day (UNICEF) is November 20 (anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959).
Exam Tip: Children's Day India: November 14. Nehru: born Nov 14, 1889. First PM of India (1947-64). Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Letters from a Father to a Daughter. Nehru died: May 27, 1964. Panchasheela (Panchsheel): 5 principles of peaceful coexistence (with China, 1954). Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Nehru with Nasser + Tito + Nkrumah + Sukarno. Universal Children's Day: November 20 (UNICEF, 1954). UNCRC (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child): 1989.
Constitution Day — November 26: Samvidhan Diwas
highConstitution Day (Samvidhan Diwas) is observed on November 26 every year — the day the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India in 1949 (it came into force on January 26, 1950 — Republic Day). The Government declared November 26 as Samvidhan Diwas in 2015 on the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of Dr B.R. Ambedkar (architect of the Constitution). The Constitution was drafted over 2 years, 11 months, 18 days.
Exam Tip: Constitution Day: November 26. Constitution adopted: November 26, 1949. Came into force: January 26, 1950 (Republic Day). Drafting: 2 years, 11 months, 18 days. Constituent Assembly: 389 members (later 299 after partition). Chairman: Dr Rajendra Prasad. Drafting Committee: Dr B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman). Constitution signed: 284 members on Jan 24, 1950. Original copies: 2 (Hindi + English), calligraphed by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, illustrated by Nandalal Bose.
International Affairs
3 itemsG20 Presidency: India's Legacy (2023)
highIndia held the G20 Presidency from December 2022 to November 2023, with the theme "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth, One Family, One Future." The G20 New Delhi Summit (September 9-10, 2023) achieved the unanimous New Delhi Declaration including the African Union's inclusion as a permanent G20 member, Global Biofuels Alliance, and consensus on Ukraine. India demonstrated leadership on digital public infrastructure, climate finance, and inclusive growth.
Exam Tip: India G20 Presidency: Dec 1, 2022 – Nov 30, 2023. Theme: "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (Sanskrit — the world is one family, from Maha Upanishad). G20 New Delhi Summit: Sep 9-10, 2023. Key outcomes: African Union (AU) joined G20 as 21st member, Global Biofuels Alliance, Voice of the Global South. G20: 19 countries + EU + AU (now). Members: G7 + BRICS + emerging economies. India: past G20 year showed DPI (Digital Public Infrastructure) as global model. Next presidency: Brazil (2024), South Africa (2025).
India's Foreign Policy: Neighbourhood First
mediumIndia's "Neighbourhood First" policy prioritises relations with SAARC neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Afghanistan. India also pursues "SAGAR" (Security and Growth for All in the Region) for the Indian Ocean. India has active connectivity projects: Maitri Setu (India-Bangladesh), India-Nepal Hydropower, India-Sri Lanka power grid, India-Bhutan hydropower (Punatsangchhu). India is the largest provider of humanitarian assistance and development aid in South Asia.
Exam Tip: Neighbourhood First Policy: India's foreign policy priority for SAARC + Indian Ocean neighbours. SAARC members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (8 members, HQ Kathmandu). SAGAR: Security and Growth for All in the Region (PM Modi, 2015). Maitri Setu: bridge over Feni River (India-Bangladesh). India-Bhutan: hydropower agreements. India hosts BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation). India-Nepal: special open border (Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1950).
Climate Finance: COP Negotiations
highCOP (Conference of Parties to UNFCCC) is held annually, typically in November-December. COP29 (Baku, Azerbaijan, November 2024) focused on the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance to replace the $100 billion/year commitment (from developed to developing nations). India, as a developing country, advocates for technology transfer, capacity building, and climate justice. The Loss and Damage Fund established at COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022) became operational at COP28.
Exam Tip: UNFCCC COP: annual since 1995. COP21: Paris Agreement (2015). COP26: Glasgow (2021) — methane pledge, COP26 Glasgow Climate Pact. COP27: Sharm el-Sheikh (2022) — Loss and Damage Fund established. COP28: Dubai (2023) — first Global Stocktake, fossil fuel transition language. COP29: Baku, Azerbaijan (November 2024) — NCQG (climate finance goal). India position: historical emitters (developed countries) must lead and fund. NDC: Nationally Determined Contributions (submitted under Paris Agreement).
Economy & Finance
3 itemsIndia's GDP Growth: Quarterly Data
highIndia's GDP is measured quarterly by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). India uses both GDP at current prices and GDP at constant (2011-12) prices (real GDP). India became the world's 5th largest economy (overtaking the UK in 2022) and is on track to become the 3rd largest by 2030. India's real GDP growth rate has been among the fastest globally at 6.5–8.4% in recent years.
Exam Tip: NSO (National Statistical Office): compiles GDP data under MoSPI. Base year: 2011-12. India's GDP method: expenditure approach (C+I+G+NX). GDP current prices (nominal) vs constant prices (real). GVA (Gross Value Added) + taxes – subsidies = GDP. India GDP 2024-25: ~$3.7 trillion (5th largest). India overtook UK: 2022. Per capita income (nominal): ~$2,800 (2024-25). Fastest growing large economy (7%+ growth).
Disinvestment: PSU Share Sales
mediumDisinvestment (sale of government's equity in Public Sector Undertakings) is a key component of India's fiscal management. The Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) manages disinvestment. Strategic disinvestment involves transfer of management control (e.g., Air India sold to Tata in 2022). Minority disinvestment keeps majority government ownership. Budget 2025-26 set a disinvestment target; CPSE ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) and OFS (Offer for Sale) are common instruments.
Exam Tip: DIPAM: Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (under MoF). Types: Strategic disinvestment (control transfer) vs Minority disinvestment. Air India: strategic disinvestment to Tata Group (January 2022). CPSE ETF: Central Public Sector Enterprise Exchange Traded Fund (tracks CPSE stocks). OFS: Offer for Sale (through stock exchange). NMDC, Coal India, ONGC, NTPC: PSUs with significant disinvestment. LIC IPO (May 2022): India's largest ever IPO at ₹21,000 crore.
Make in India: Manufacturing Growth
mediumMake in India, launched September 25, 2014, aims to make India a global manufacturing hub by attracting investment and increasing the manufacturing sector's share of GDP from 15% to 25% by 2025. Under DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade), the programme covers 27 sectors (earlier 25). India improved dramatically in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business rankings (from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in 2020). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India reached record levels of $83.57 billion in 2021-22.
Exam Tip: Make in India: launched September 25, 2014. Goal: manufacturing 25% of GDP, 100 million jobs. Under DPIIT. 27 sectors: automobiles, aviation, chemicals, defence, electronics, pharma, textiles, etc. Ease of Doing Business: India 63rd (2020) — was 142nd (2014). FDI record: $83.57 billion (2021-22). Top FDI sources: USA, Mauritius, Singapore, Netherlands. InvestIndia: national investment promotion agency. PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana): rural road connectivity supporting manufacturing supply chains.
Banking & Finance
3 itemsNational Milk Day — November 26: Dr Kurien's Legacy
mediumNational Milk Day is observed on November 26 — the birth anniversary of Dr Verghese Kurien (1921–2012), the Father of India's White Revolution. Kurien built AMUL (Anand Milk Union Limited) into the world's largest dairy cooperative and spearheaded Operation Flood (1970-1996), which transformed India from a milk-deficit to the world's largest milk-producing country. GCMMF (Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation) manages the AMUL brand.
Exam Tip: National Milk Day: November 26 (Dr Kurien's birthday). Dr Verghese Kurien: born Nov 26, 1921, died Sep 9, 2012. Father of White Revolution. AMUL: Anand Milk Union Limited (Gujarat). Operation Flood: 1970-1996 (world's largest dairy development programme). NDDB: National Dairy Development Board (Anand, Gujarat). GCMMF: Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (markets AMUL). India: world's largest milk producer. World Animal Day: Oct 4. Milkman of India = Kurien.
RBI's Digital Lending Framework
mediumRBI issued comprehensive Digital Lending guidelines in 2022 to regulate the booming digital/fintech lending ecosystem. Key requirements: loan agreements must state Annual Percentage Rate (APR), lenders must report to Credit Information Companies (CICs), no automatic credit limit increases, mandatory cooling-off period for loans, and KYC compliance for Regulated Entity-Lending Service Provider (LSP) partnerships. Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) products are regulated to protect consumers.
Exam Tip: RBI Digital Lending Guidelines: August 2022. Key provisions: all loans via bank account (no e-wallets), APR disclosure, CIC reporting, no automatic top-up, 3-day cooling period for BNPL (under ₹2 lakh), LSP (Lending Service Provider) accountability. CIC: CIBIL, Equifax, Experian, CRIF Highmark (4 credit bureaus in India). CIBIL score: 300-900 range (750+ good). FinTech: financial technology sector (P2P lending, BNPL, instant loans, robo-advisory).
NABARD: Agricultural Finance Institution
highNational Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), established July 12, 1982 (under NABARD Act), is the apex institution for agricultural and rural credit. NABARD refinances commercial banks, RRBs (Regional Rural Banks), and cooperative banks for rural lending. It implements Watershed Development, Tribal Development, Farm Sector Promotion through NABARD's own funds. NABARD also manages Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) for state government projects.
Exam Tip: NABARD: established July 12, 1982 (on recommendation of B. Sivaraman Committee). HQ: Mumbai. Regulates: Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) + Cooperative Banks (under 2018 amendment). RIDF: Rural Infrastructure Development Fund — funded from shortfall in PSL (Priority Sector Lending) by commercial banks. PSL (Priority Sector Lending): 40% of ANBC (Agriculture, MSMEs, education, housing, weaker sections). RRBs: 43 RRBs (after mergers), sponsored by commercial banks + state govt + NABARD.
Science & Technology
3 itemsBiotechnology: India's BioE3 Policy
highIndia's BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) Policy, approved August 2024, aims to make India a global biotech powerhouse. India's bioeconomy crossed $150 billion (2024) and targets $300 billion by 2030. Key areas: biopharmaceuticals (India manufactures 60% of world's vaccines), biofuels (blending ethanol with petrol, sugarcane-based), bioplastics, bioremediation, and synthetic biology. India's Department of Biotechnology (DBT) coordinates this under MoSTE.
Exam Tip: BioE3 Policy: approved August 2024. India's bioeconomy: $150 billion (2024). Target: $300 billion by 2030. Key sectors: biopharma (vaccines), agricultural biotech (Bt cotton, GM crops), biofuels (ethanol). DBT: Department of Biotechnology (under Ministry of Science and Technology). BIRAC: Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (startup support). India: manufactures 60% of global vaccines (Serum Institute + Bharat Biotech). Covaxin + Covishield both Indian.
India's Electric Vehicle Mission
highIndia's EV (Electric Vehicle) adoption accelerated under FAME India (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles), Phase II (2019-2024), with ₹10,000 crore for subsidising 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, buses, and 4-wheelers. India's EV sales crossed 1.5 million in FY2023-24. PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme (2024) replaced FAME Phase II with ₹10,900 crore for EV charging infrastructure and subsidies. India targets 30% EV sales by 2030.
Exam Tip: FAME India: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles. Phase I: 2015. Phase II: 2019-2024 (₹10,000 crore). PM E-DRIVE: replaced FAME (2024, ₹10,900 crore). EV targets: 30% cars, 40% buses, 80% 2/3-wheelers by 2030. PLI for ACC Battery: ₹18,100 crore. Ola Electric: India's largest EV 2-wheeler. NITI Aayog: EV target roadmap author. Battery swapping policy: especially for 2-wheelers. EESL: Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (buys EVs for govt fleets).
Semiconductor Mission: India's Chip Ambition
highIndia Semiconductor Mission (ISM), approved December 2021 with ₹76,000 crore, attracted major global semiconductor investments. Tata Electronics (with Taiwan's PSMC) and CG Power-Renesas-ATMP announced fabrication plants in India (approved June 2024). Micron Technology (USA) set up a semiconductor assembly and testing unit in Sanand, Gujarat (2024). India seeks to reduce dependence on imports and become part of the global chip supply chain.
Exam Tip: India Semiconductor Mission: approved December 2021. Budget: ₹76,000 crore. Under MeitY (Ministry of Electronics and IT). Plants approved (2024): Tata-PSMC fab in Dholera (Gujarat), Tata-OSAT in Jagiroad (Assam), CG Power-Renesas-ATMP in Sanand (Gujarat). Micron: assembly/test unit in Sanand (Gujarat). Semiconductors: used in chips, phones, EVs, defence. Global chip shortage (2021-23) accelerated India's chip mission. ISMC (India Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) also a player.
Environment & Ecology
3 itemsWorld Antimicrobial Awareness Week: November 18-24
mediumWorld Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW) is observed November 18-24 every year (established by WHO/FAO/WOAH in 2015). It raises awareness about Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) — one of the greatest global health threats. India's National Action Plan on AMR (2017, extended) coordinates One Health approach, rational antibiotic use, infection prevention, and AMR surveillance. India has among the highest rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria globally due to overuse and OTC antibiotic sales.
Exam Tip: WAAW: November 18-24. WHO/FAO/WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health) joint initiative. AMR: resistance to antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics. ESKAPE pathogens: Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter. India AMR plan: 2017 under National One Health Framework. ICMR: leads AMR surveillance in India. One Health: interconnected human, animal, environmental health. WHO Global AMR Action Plan: 2015.
Ramsar Convention: India's Wetlands
highThe Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971) protects internationally important wetlands. India has the most Ramsar sites globally (75+ as of 2025), up from 26 in 2014. India added 26 Ramsar sites in 2022 in a single year — a world record. Notable Indian Ramsar sites: Chilika Lake (Odisha), Keoladeo (Rajasthan), Wular Lake (J&K), Loktak Lake (Manipur), Sundarbans (WB), Tsomoriri (Ladakh). Wetlands are critical for water birds, carbon sequestration, and water purification.
Exam Tip: Ramsar Convention: signed Feb 2, 1971 (Ramsar, Iran). World Wetlands Day: February 2. India: 75+ Ramsar sites (most in world as of 2024). First Indian Ramsar sites: Chilika Lake (Odisha) + Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) — both 1981. Montreux Record: wetlands in Ramsar but with ecological damage needing attention. Chilika Lake: largest brackish water lagoon in Asia (also India). Loktak: only floating lake in world (phumdis). India's Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change: MOEF&CC.
Tiger Conservation: Project Tiger at 50
highProject Tiger was launched on April 1, 1973, by PM Indira Gandhi. India's tiger count reached 3,167 (2022 census) — more than 75% of global wild tigers. NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) under MoEF&CC oversees 54 tiger reserves. India's success in tiger conservation is global acknowledged — tripling tiger population from ~1,400 in 2006 to 3,167 in 2022. The TX2 commitment (to double tigers by 2022 from 2010 baseline) was achieved by India.
Exam Tip: Project Tiger: launched April 1, 1973. India tiger count: 3,167 (2022 Census, 4th cycle). Up from 1,827 (2014), 2,226 (2018). NTCA: National Tiger Conservation Authority (statutory body, under Wildlife Protection Act). Tiger Reserves: 54. Most tigers: Madhya Pradesh (785). Corridors: 32 tiger corridors identified for movement. TX2: global commitment to double tigers by 2022. Global wild tigers: ~4,500 (India has 75%). Bengal Tiger: India's national animal.
Defence & Security
3 itemsNational Press Day — November 16: Press Council
mediumNational Press Day is observed on November 16 every year — the day the Press Council of India came into existence in 1966. The Press Council of India (PCI), established under the Press Council Act 1978, is a statutory, quasi-judicial body that oversees the standards of the press and maintains its freedom. It can admonish and censure newspapers but cannot impose fines or jail journalists. The PCI chairman is a retired judge of the Supreme Court.
Exam Tip: National Press Day: November 16. Press Council of India: established 1966 (first council), re-constituted under Press Council Act 1978. PCI: statutory quasi-judicial body. Chairman: retired SC judge. Can: admonish, censure, warn. Cannot: fine, imprison. Deals with complaints against newspapers + complaints by press (against government obstruction). Freedom of Press: Article 19(1)(a) — right to freedom of speech and expression (no separate press freedom article). India ranks 159/180 (RSF Press Freedom Index 2024).
DRDO Achievements: Indigenous Defence Technology
highThe Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), established 1958, has over 50 laboratories. Major DRDO achievements: Agni missile series (Agni-I to Agni-V ICBM, range 700–5,500+ km), Prithvi tactical missiles, BrahMos cruise missile (India-Russia joint venture, supersonic, range 290–400 km), TEJAS light combat aircraft, PINAKA multi-barrel rocket launcher, Astra beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile, and Akash surface-to-air missile system.
Exam Tip: DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation. Established: 1958. Headquarters: New Delhi. 50+ laboratories. Agni-V: ICBM, range 5,000-8,000 km (canister-launched). BrahMos: India-Russia (DRDO + NPOM), supersonic (Mach 2.8-3), range 290-450 km, named after Brahmaputra + Moskva rivers. TEJAS (LCA): first flight 2001, inducted into IAF 2016 (Mk1), Block 17A. Pinaka: multi-barrel rocket system (36 rockets in 44 sec). ASAT: anti-satellite test (Mission Shakti, March 27, 2019).
Cyber Warfare: National Cybersecurity Strategy
mediumIndia faces growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors. The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 is being updated to a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy 2020 (draft). NCSC (National Cyber Security Coordinator) in the NSA office coordinates response. The Indian Army, Navy, and IAF have established Cyber Agencies. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 established the Data Protection Board of India for data breaches and privacy violations.
Exam Tip: NCSC: National Cyber Security Coordinator (under NSA). CERT-In: Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (incident response). Digital Personal Data Protection Act: 2023. DPDP Act provisions: data principal rights, data fiduciary obligations, Data Protection Board, consent requirements. National Cyber Security Policy: 2013 (being updated). IT Act 2000 (amended 2008): India's primary cyber law. IPC sections for cyber: Section 66 (computer offences), Section 66B-66F, 67-67B (content).
Sports
3 itemsRanji Trophy: Domestic Cricket
mediumThe Ranji Trophy is India's premier domestic first-class cricket tournament, named after Ranjitsinhji (Maharaja of Nawanagar). It began in 1934-35. Mumbai (formerly Bombay) has won the maximum Ranji Trophy titles (41+). The championship is preceded by the Duleep Trophy (regional teams), Deodhar Trophy (zonal, 50-over), and Vijay Hazare Trophy (50-over, state teams). The Ranji Trophy is the gateway for players to represent India in Tests.
Exam Tip: Ranji Trophy: started 1934-35. Named after: Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji (K.S. Ranjitsinhji), first Indian to play for England. Most titles: Mumbai (41+). Format: 4-day first-class matches, group + quarter-final + semi-final + final. Duleep Trophy: regional teams (North, South, East, West, Central). Vijay Hazare Trophy: 50-over state cricket. Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: T20 domestic. BCCI domestic structure: Ranji (red ball) → Vijay Hazare (white ball) → SMAT (T20).
Indian Football: AIFF and ISL
lowAll India Football Federation (AIFF), established 1937, governs Indian football. Indian Super League (ISL), launched 2014, is India's top professional football league (with 13 clubs). India's FIFA ranking has improved but remains outside the top 100. Sunil Chhetri, India's all-time top scorer (94+ international goals), retired from international football in June 2024. India hosted the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 (won by England). AIFF has faced governance challenges including FIFA suspension (2022, resolved).
Exam Tip: AIFF: All India Football Federation (established 1937, member of FIFA + AFC). ISL: Indian Super League (since 2014). FIFA suspension: 2022 (third party interference), resolved 2022. Sunil Chhetri: 94 international goals, retired June 2024. India FIFA ranking: ~120 (fluctuates). FIFA U-17 WC 2017: hosted by India (won by England). I-League: older domestic league. ISL clubs: Mumbai City FC, ATK Mohun Bagan, Bengaluru FC, Kerala Blasters, etc. AFC: Asian Football Confederation.
Badminton: India's World Champions
mediumIndia has produced multiple world badminton champions in recent years. PV Sindhu won back-to-back Women's World Championship titles (2018, 2019) and is a two-time Olympic medalist (silver Tokyo 2016, bronze Tokyo 2020). Kidambi Srikanth reached World No. 1 in 2018. Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty (men's doubles) were World No. 1 in 2023. The Indian women's team won the Uber Cup 2024 (first time in 73 years, defeating China). Thomas Cup (men's) was won in 2022 (first time).
Exam Tip: BWF: Badminton World Federation. Thomas Cup (men's) 2022: India won (1st time). Uber Cup (women's) 2024: India won (first time). PV Sindhu: World Champion 2018 + 2019. Olympic medals: Rio 2016 (Silver), Tokyo 2020 (Bronze). Satwik-Chirag: World No. 1 doubles (2023). Kidambi Srikanth: World No. 1 singles (2018). BAI: Badminton Association of India. Prakash Padukone: first Indian to win All England (1980). Saina Nehwal: first Indian woman to win Olympic badminton medal (Bronze, London 2012).
Awards & Culture
3 itemsJnanpith Award: India's Highest Literary Honour
mediumThe Jnanpith Award, established 1961 by the Bharatiya Jnanpith Trust, is India's highest literary honour. It is awarded for outstanding contribution to Indian literature in any of the 22 scheduled languages. Recipients receive a statuette of Vagdevi (Goddess Saraswati), a citation, and ₹11 lakh cash. First Jnanpith Award: 1965 to G. Sankara Kurup (Malayalam). The 58th Jnanpith Award (2022) went to Pratibha Ray (Odia) and Manoj Das (Odia/English). Recent winners include M.T. Vasudevan Nair (Malayalam).
Exam Tip: Jnanpith Award: established 1961 (first awarded 1965). Highest literary award in India. Cash: ₹11 lakh. Statuette: Vagdevi (Saraswati). First: G. Sankara Kurup 1965 (Malayalam, Odakkuzhal). Sahitya Akademi Award: ₹1 lakh, for 24 languages. Sahitya Akademi: established 1954. Vayalar Award (Kerala), Mathrubhumi Book Prize, Kendra Sahitya Akademi: other literary awards. International: Booker Prize (English novel), Nobel Literature Prize.
Diwali: Festival of Lights — Air Quality Concerns
lowDiwali, celebrated in Kartika (October-November), is India's most celebrated festival marking Rama's return to Ayodhya after defeating Ravana. The festival involves lighting diyas (lamps), bursting firecrackers, worship of Lakshmi (wealth), giving gifts, and sweets. Air quality concerns have led to firecracker bans or restrictions in Delhi/NCR and other cities (Supreme Court orders). The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) monitors AQI (Air Quality Index) levels during Diwali.
Exam Tip: Diwali: 5-day festival (Dhanteras, Naraka Chaturdashi, Lakshmi Puja, Govardhan Puja, Bhai Dooj). Hindu calendar: Kartika month. Dhanteras: gold/silver buying auspicious. CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board (monitors AQI). AQI categories: 0-50 Good, 51-100 Satisfactory, 101-200 Moderate, 201-300 Poor, 301-400 Very Poor, 401-500 Severe. GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan): Delhi anti-pollution measures. Pollution: PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2, CO from firecrackers.
Sangeet Natak Akademi: Performing Arts Recognition
lowSangeet Natak Akademi (National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama), established 1953, confers Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards annually to eminent artists in music, dance, theatre, and traditional arts. The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna) is the highest honour for lifetime achievement. It also manages the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipuri Dance Academy and Kutiyattam Kendras (for Kerala's ancient Sanskrit theatre).
Exam Tip: Sangeet Natak Akademi: established 1953 (first academy established). Under Ministry of Culture. Annual award to eminent artists. Fellowship (Ratna): highest honour. 8 classical dance forms recognised by SNA: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Kathakali, Sattriya. Three national akademis: Sahitya Akademi (literature), Sangeet Natak Akademi (performing arts), Lalit Kala Akademi (visual arts). All established 1953-54. All under Ministry of Culture.
Polity & Governance
3 itemsNational Human Rights Commission: Protecting Rights
mediumThe National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), established October 12, 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993, recommends remedies for human rights violations. It can investigate, recommend compensation, and seek reports from governments but cannot prosecute or impose penalties. NHRC comprises a Chairman (former CJI) and members (former judges and other specialists). State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) exist in states. India is a party to major international human rights conventions.
Exam Tip: NHRC: Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Established: October 12, 1993. Chairman: former Chief Justice of India. Members: former judges + experts. Powers: investigate, call for reports, summon, recommend compensation. NHRC cannot: prosecute, impose fines/imprisonment. SHRC: State Human Rights Commission. India's Human Rights commitments: UDHR (1948), ICCPR, ICESCR, CAT (Convention Against Torture), CRC (Child Rights). NHRC is a Paris Principles-accredited NHRI.
Women's Reservation: 106th Amendment
highThe 106th Constitutional Amendment Act (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam), passed September 21, 2023, reserves 33% seats for women in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies (not Rajya Sabha or state councils). The reservation will take effect after the next census and delimitation exercise (after 2031 Census and subsequent delimitation). It will also apply to UT legislatures. Seats reserved for SC/ST women will be carved from the SC/ST quota.
Exam Tip: 106th Constitutional Amendment: September 21, 2023. Official name: Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam. 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha + state Vidhan Sabhas. Effective: after census + delimitation (likely after 2026 delimitation, operationalised by 2029 or later). Does NOT apply to Rajya Sabha or Vidhan Parishad. SC/ST women seats carved from SC/ST reservation. Article 330A (Lok Sabha) + 332A (State assemblies): new articles inserted. Rotation: reserved seats will rotate after every delimitation.
Cooperative Federalism: GST Council as Model
mediumThe GST Council, India's premier example of cooperative federalism, comprises the Union Finance Minister (Chairman), Union Minister of State for Finance, and state/UT Finance Ministers. Decisions require a 3/4 majority (Centre vote = 1/3, all states collectively = 2/3). It has successfully resolved most fiscal Centre-State issues. The Finance Commission (XV, 2021-26: chaired by N.K. Singh) recommends tax devolution — currently states receive 41% of the Centre's divisible pool.
Exam Tip: GST Council: Article 279A. Cooperative federalism model. Members: Union FM + MoS Finance + all state/UT FMs. Decision: 3/4 majority (Centre = 1/3 weighted vote). XV Finance Commission (2021-26): chaired by N.K. Singh. States' share: 41% of divisible pool. Finance Commission: Article 280, constituted every 5 years. Devolution: Centre taxes shared with states (vertical devolution) and distributed among states (horizontal devolution). NITI Aayog: replaced Planning Commission (2015), only advisory.
Agriculture
3 itemsRabi Sowing Season: October-November
highRabi crops are sown in October-November and harvested in March-April. India's major rabi crops include wheat (UP, Punjab, Haryana, MP, Rajasthan), mustard/rapeseed (Rajasthan, UP, Haryana), gram/chickpea (MP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra), peas, linseed, and barley. Wheat is India's 2nd most important food crop (after rice) and India is the 2nd largest producer globally. MSP for rabi crops is announced by the Cabinet before sowing season.
Exam Tip: Rabi crops: sown Oct-Nov, harvested Mar-Apr. Major rabi crops: wheat (most important), mustard, gram (chickpea), barley, peas, linseed. Wheat states: UP (29%), Punjab (16%), Haryana (12%), MP (11%), Rajasthan (10%). India wheat production: 110+ million tonnes. India: 2nd largest wheat producer after China. India: net importer of edible oils. CACP: Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (MSP recommendation body under MoA&FW).
E-Commerce in Agriculture: Agri Startups
mediumIndia's agri-tech startup ecosystem is one of the fastest-growing globally, with 1,000+ agri startups receiving $1.5 billion+ investment (2022). Key areas: precision agriculture (IoT sensors, drones), supply chain and cold chain, digital marketplaces (DeHaat, Ninjacart, Agmarknet), crop insurance (Digit), and farmer advisory services (Cropin, FarmEasy). AGRISTACK (National Digital Ecosystem for Agriculture) integrates farmer identity (Kisan ID) with land records, credit, and scheme access.
Exam Tip: AGRISTACK: National Digital Ecosystem for Agriculture. Kisan ID: unique farmer identity. Components: Farmer Registry, Land Registry (integrated with Bhoomi/state land records), Digital General Consent Framework. AgriMarket apps: eNAM, Agrimarket, NKMS (National Kisan Market System). Under ICAR: Kisan call centres (1551), KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendras — 731 across India). India agri-tech: 1,000+ startups. Drones in agriculture: kisan drones (PM Drone Didi scheme, 2023) for spraying fertilisers.
Fisheries: Blue Economy and PM Matsya Sampada
mediumPM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), launched September 10, 2020, is India's flagship fisheries development scheme with ₹20,050 crore (2020-25) to increase fish production from 13 MT to 22 MT by 2024-25. India is the 3rd largest fish-producing country (after China and Indonesia) and the 2nd largest aquaculture producer. Marine fisheries: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat lead. Inland fisheries: Andhra Pradesh, WB, Uttar Pradesh. Fishing ban in EEZ during breeding season (June-August) is enforced.
Exam Tip: PMMSY: launched September 10, 2020. Budget: ₹20,050 crore. Goal: 22 MT fish production by 2024-25. India fish production: 16 MT+ (3rd globally after China, Indonesia). Aquaculture: 2nd largest globally. Top marine states: AP, Kerala, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu. Top inland states: AP, WB, UP. National Fisheries Policy: 2020. Blue Revolution (Neel Kranti): fisheries development scheme (2015). Blue Economy: sustainable use of ocean resources. DoF: Department of Fisheries (Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying).
Health
3 itemsWorld Diabetes Day — November 14: Rising Burden
highWorld Diabetes Day is observed on November 14 — the birth anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941), who co-discovered insulin in 1921. Organised by IDF (International Diabetes Federation) since 1991. India has 101 million diabetics (2023) — the highest in the world, earning India the title "Diabetes Capital of the World." Type 2 diabetes (lifestyle-related) dominates. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke (NPCDCS) is under NHM.
Exam Tip: World Diabetes Day: November 14. Sir Frederick Banting: born Nov 14, 1891. Insulin: co-discovered by Banting + Best (1921). Nobel Prize: Banting + Macleod (1923). India diabetics: 101 million (2023) — world's highest absolute number. IDF (International Diabetes Federation): organises WDD since 1991. NPCDCS: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke (under NHM). India: both highest-burden and largest insulin manufacturer (Biocon, Novo Nordisk India).
Tuberculosis Elimination: India's 2025 Target
highIndia carries 27% of the world's TB burden (over 2.8 million new cases/year). India committed to eliminating TB by 2025 (5 years ahead of the global SDG 2030 target) under the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP). Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides ₹500/month nutritional support to TB patients. India's "100-Day TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan" (2023) accelerated active case finding. First dedicated Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (PM-TBMBA): September 9, 2022.
Exam Tip: India TB burden: 27% of global TB (2.8 million cases/year). India 2025 TB elimination target: 5 years ahead of global SDG (2030). NTEP: National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme. Nikshay Poshan: ₹500/month for TB patients (DBT). PM-TBMBA: launched September 9, 2022 (Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan). Nikshay portal: online TB patient tracking. TB drugs: DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course). DR-TB: drug-resistant TB (MDR + XDR). WHO End TB Strategy: 90% reduction by 2030.
National Ayush Mission: Traditional Medicine
mediumThe National Ayush Mission (NAM), launched 2014, promotes Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) systems of medicine. The Ministry of Ayush (created 2014, separate from Health) oversees NAM, CCRAS, CCRH, and National Institutes of Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. The WHO-GOARN Collaboration on AYUSH (2019) and India-WHO Traditional Medicine Centre (August 2022, Jamnagar, Gujarat) promote global recognition of traditional medicine.
Exam Tip: NAM: National Ayush Mission (launched 2014). Ministry of Ayush: separate ministry (2014). AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy. CCRAS: Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. CCRH: Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy. WHO Traditional Medicine Centre: Jamnagar, Gujarat (inaugurated August 2022). India's traditional knowledge: TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library) protects against biopiracy. Yoga day: June 21 (UN declared 2014, India proposed).