Class 9 Social Science Notes

What social science is, its disciplines — history, geography, political science, economics — and why it matters.

Earth’s interior, plate tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes, and how landforms are formed and classified.

Composition and layers of the atmosphere, heat zones, winds, the mechanism of the monsoon and carbon footprint.

Human evolution, stone tools, origins of farming, and early civilisations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and the Indus.

Mahajanapadas, empires and kingdoms, ideas of dharma and the chakravarti, trade, learning and society up to 1000 CE.

How the idea of democracy evolved, its forms in India and the world, and the essential features of democracy.

Why elections matter, electoral systems, the Election Commission and laws for free and fair elections, and challenges.